Lec 12 - Controlling zoonotic infections Flashcards
What are zoonotic diseases and what percentage of diseases do they make up?
Viral, bacterial, parasitical or fungal infection that can be spread between animals and humans
60% of disease and 75% of emerging disease
Why is it easy for diseases to be transmitted between animals and humans?
- Shared metabolic pathways and immune mechanisms
- Similar body conditions
What is reverse zoonosis and what are some examples?
Pathogen from humans transmitted to animals eg IVA, SARS-CoV-2, TB, E. coli
What are the 3 types of transmission?
- Direct contact = blood or body secretions
- Indirect contact = habitats or fomites
- Airborne = aerosols or droplets
What are the 3 ways zoonotic diseases are spread?
- Vector borne
- Food borne
- Water borne
List some ways zoonotic diseases can spread to humans
- International travel and transport
- Migration
- Increased animal interaction
- Vectors
- Climate change
- Wildlife disturbance
- Pathogen displacement
What are the types of prevention of zoonotic infection?
- Primary prevention = prevent disease getting into humans/animals
- Secondary prevention = identifying disease once in humans/animals
- Tertiary prevention = treatment to stop further transmission and prevent severe disease
What are the 3 aims of prevention of zoonotic infection?
- Total eradication
- Local eradication
- Targeted host eradication
What part of the zoonotic cycle is targeted and why? Are there issues with this method?
Target weakest and cheapest link in cycle eg culling reservoir hosts but has ethical issues so alternative is to alter host’s environment
How is population controlled?
Quarantine = expensive with duration depending on incubation and time to confirm diagnosis
How are vectors controlled?
- Insecticides = careful use and environmentally safe
- Change environment eg draining swamps
- Biological control = genetic manipulation of vector or using other species to control vector eg wolbachia bacteria and dengue mosquitos
How is the susceptibility of reservoirs altered to control infection?
- Immunise animals
- Select resistant breeds
- Prophylaxis via antibiotics with potential phage use to combat resistance
How does mass vaccination control infection?
- Herd immunity
- Protect specific areas
- Emergency use during outbreaks
What does sanitary control of farming include?
- Improved sanitary conditions
- Routine inspections
- Education and training
- Standards within and between countries
What does surveillance monitor?
Humans, animals and potential vectors
