Lec 13 - Outbreaks: factors affecting epidemics and pandemics Flashcards
What is an outbreak?
Increase in cases or occurrence in new area
What is an epidemic?
Rapid spread to large population/community/region
What is a pandemic?
Spread to continents/countries/world
What is an endemic?
Regular occurrence in area/community
List the factors contributing to origins of diseases
- Overcrowding
- Contamination and poor sanitation
- Antimicrobial resistance
- Seasons and climate change
- Natural disasters, war, famine
- Pathogenicity/virulence and/or transmission changes
- Increased susceptibility
- Species jump
List some antimicrobials with resistance
- Sulfonamide
- Penicillin
- Spectinomycin
- Tetracyclin
- Fluoroquinolone
- Azithromycin
- Ceftriaxone
- XDR gonorrhoea
How does climate change affect disease outbreaks?
Increases the range of vectors
How does natural disasters, war and famine affect disease outbreaks?
Poor hygiene, isolated population, overcrowding, poor medical access
What is a nosocomial infection?
Acquired in a healthcare facility
What are some common features of epidemics and pandemics? What is the difference between them?
Common
- Zoonotic and novel
- Spread of novel and re/emerging
- Control by rapid detecting and reducing transmission
Difference = spread of disease occurrence ie pandemics have more spread
What is the main driver behind increasing pandemics and epidemics?
Global travel and transport esp with infections with long incubation times and/or asymptomatic carriers
Which recently emerged outbreaks were contained and which were not?
Contained = SARS-CoV and Ebola
Not contained = SARS-CoV-2, pH1N1, H7N9, MERS-CoV
