[Lec 13] Key Terms: DNA Repair and Methods I

Question 1

mutation

Answer 1

any permanent change to DNA sequence; causes 1. replication errors, 2. spontaneous mutations, 3. radiation and mutagens

Question 2

single base/small change mutations

Answer 2

1. point mutations, 2. insertions, 3. deletions

Question 3

large/chromosomal mutations

Answer 3

1. translocations, 2. duplications/insertions, 3. deletions

Question 4

transition mutation

Answer 4

purine to purine; pyrimidine to pyrimidine

Question 5

transversion mutation

Answer 5

purine to pyrimidine, vice versa

Question 6

effect of frameshift mutations

Answer 6

1. different amino acid sequence than original; 2. often leads to premature stop codon and shorter protein

Question 7

base analogs

Answer 7

causes point mutations

Question 8

intercalating agents

Answer 8

causes insertions

Question 9

translesion DNA synthesis

Answer 9

addition of random nucleotides to repair DNA sequence

Question 10

double strand break repair

Answer 10

1. leads to large scale changes; 2. generated by ionizing radiation or oxygen free radicals

Question 11

non-homologous ends joining

Answer 11

in mammals, used to repair DNA double strand breaks (most common)

Question 12

homologous recombination

Answer 12

in mammals, repairs broken DNA double strand breaks during replication

Question 13

clone

Answer 13

exact replicate of something

Question 14

insulin

Answer 14

protein that regulates blood sugar levels in humans and is produced in the pancreas

Question 15

transformation

Answer 15

bacteria, putting DNA into cells after creating the molecule

Question 16

transfection

Answer 16

mammals, putting DNA into cells after creating the molecule

Question 17

electroporation

Answer 17

applying electric current results in transient changes at the membrane

Question 18

antibiotics

Answer 18

small molecules that inhibit cellular enzymes leading to cell death; adding it to media kills all sensitive cells, only resistant ones can grow

Question 19

vector

Answer 19

a DNA molecule that replicates independently from the genome

Question 20

insert

Answer 20

DNA that is introduced into the vector

Question 21

biotechnology

Answer 21

the use of living system into the vector organisms to develop or make useful products

Question 22

genomic library

Answer 22

pieces of genome inserted into a vector such that all clones represent the entire genome

Question 23

cDNA library

Answer 23

mRNA copied by reverse transcriptase into DNA and inserted into a vector; represents only expressed genes in cell

Question 24

cDNA

Answer 24

copy or complementary DNA derived from RNA; only exons are represented, can determine open reading frame of a gene

Question 25

reverse transcriptase

Answer 25

allows for conversion of RNA sequence to DNA