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HCT > Lec 11: Cytopreparatory Technique > Flashcards

Lec 11: Cytopreparatory Technique Flashcards

1
Q

It is a branch of diagnostic medicine that deals with the study of individual cells spread on a slide and stained properly

A

Cytology

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2
Q

Advantages of Cytology (5)

A
  • Simple
  • cost effective
  • quick turn around time
  • low complication rate
  • high diagnostic accuracy
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3
Q

A branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases by evaluation of cellular changes

A

Diagnostic Cytology
Or
Cytopathology

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4
Q

The branches of Cytology

A
  • exfoliative cytology
  • imprint/abraded Cytology
  • aspiration cytology
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5
Q

Branches of Cytology

  1. It is used in studying cells from specimens that do NOT shed cells spontaneously.
  2. The microscopic examination of cells that have been desquamated/shed or physically removed from epithelial and mucous membranes.
  3. Study of cells directly taken from the surfaces of excised or incised specimens by touching or imprinting them with a clean glass slide.
A
  1. Aspiration Cytology
  2. Exfoliative Cytology
  3. Imprint / Abraded / Impression Cytology
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6
Q

Examples of Exfoliative Cytology

A

Body Fluids
• sputum
• urine
• pleural & peritoneal fluid
• gastric juice
• CSF

Discharge from:
• vagina, cervix, uterus
• nipple
• sinus
• prostatic

Scraping from:
• buccal mucosa

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7
Q

Example of Impression Cytology

A

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB)

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8
Q

The spontaneous disintegration of cells or tissues by autologous enzymes

A

Autolysis

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9
Q
  • elongated sex hormone
  • a chromatin mass that lies against the inner aspect of the nuclear membrane in cells of normal female
A

Barr body

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10
Q

[TRUE or FALSE]

Barr bodies are only found in females. There is NONE for male.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

It is valuable in diagnosis of lesions of the breast, thyroid, lymph nodes, liver, lung, and soft tissue

A

Aspiration cytology

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12
Q

Examples of body cavity effusions

A
  • CSF
  • pleural, peritoneal, pericardial fluid
  • synovial fluid
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13
Q

The Classifications of the types of cytology samples

A
  • according to origin
  • according to staining method
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14
Q

What are the Types of Cytology samples according to Origin?

A
  • exfoliative cytology samples
  • aspiration cytology samples
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15
Q

What are the Types of Cytology samples according to Staining Methods?

A
  • gynecological specimen
  • Non-gynecological specimen
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16
Q

What sample is classified as both exfoliated cytology sample and gynecological specimen?

A

Cervicovaginal smear

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17
Q

Specimen: CSF

  1. Source:
  2. Method of collection
A
  1. brain & spinal cord
  2. Lumbar tap/puncture
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18
Q

Specimen: Ascitic fluid

  1. Source:
  2. Method of collection
A
  1. Abdominal & pelvic cavity
  2. Peritoneocentesis / paracentesis
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19
Q

Specimen: Pleural fluid

  1. Source
  2. Method of collection
A
  1. Pleural cavity (lungs)
  2. Thoracentesis
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20
Q

Specimen: Pericardial fluid

  1. Source
  2. Method of collection
A
  1. Pericardial cavity
  2. Pericardiocentesis
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21
Q

Specimen: Synovial fluid

  1. Source
  2. Method of collection
A
  1. Synovial cavity (joints)
  2. Arthrocentesis
22
Q

The samples should be collected in a ___ container.

A

Clean, non-sterile, and dry

23
Q

For aspiration for palpable lesion, what is the volume of the syringe and gauge of the needle used?

A
  • 3 to 5 mL syringe
  • gauge 20 to 22 needle
24
Q

For respiratory tract specimens, the sputum is collected in a wide mouth container which contains ____ (substance).

A

Saccomanno fluid

25
Q

Composition of saccomanno fluid

A

50% ethyl alcohol
+
2% carbowax

26
Q

For the Macroscopic examination what are the factors/characteristics determined? (5)

A
  • specimen origin
  • specimen quantity
  • specific gravity
  • odor (if present)
  • gross characteristics
27
Q

What are the fixatives for the following specimens:

a. Pleural or peritoneal fluid
b. Urine or bronchial aspirate
c. Specimen requiring centrifugation

A

a. 50% alcohol
b. 95% ethanol
c. 50% or 95% ethyl alcohol

28
Q

Preservation of Specimen before Smearing

  1. Specimens with high mucus content
  2. Specimens with high CHON content
  3. Specimen with low mucus/CHON content
  4. Specimen with low pH
A
  1. 12 to 24 hours if refrigerated
  2. 24 to 48 hours if refrigerated
  3. 1 to 2 hours even if refrigerated
  4. • collected on ice
    • prepared within minutes of collection
29
Q

[TRUE or FALSE]

  1. If too much fluid is obtained, it needs to be centrifuged for 5 minutes
  2. The centrifuge is required if there is little amount of fluid or the fluid is thick.
A
  1. True
  2. False
    » NOT required
30
Q

Preparing Smears

  1. This technique is similar to how we make peripheral blood smear or thin smears and parasitology.
  2. This technique is suggested for mucoid samples and viscous fluids.
  3. In this technique, a slight pressure is added once the two slides come in contact and then you pull apart.
  4. Also known as Spread Technique
  5. Also known as Pull Apart Technique
A
  1. Pull-Push technique
  2. Crush technique
  3. Crush technique
  4. Pull-Push technique
  5. Crush technique
31
Q

Fixation

  1. Minimum fixation time
  2. [TRUE or FALSE] prolonged fixation has no consequences provided container is covered tightly
A
  1. 15 minutes
  2. True
32
Q

Characteristics of a good cytology fixative (9)

A
  • Inactivates autolytic enzyme activity
  • penetrates cell rapidly
  • minimizes cell shrinkage
  • maintains cell morphology
  • replaces cell water
  • allows stain permeability
  • permits cell adhesion to glass
  • kills pathogen
  • affords a permanent cellular record
33
Q

Immersion fixatives (4)

A
  • 95% ethyl alcohol and ether
  • 95% ethyl alcohol
  • Carnoy’s fluid
  • Saccomanno’s fixative
34
Q

What does Carnoy’s fluid contain?

A
  • absolute alcohol
  • Chloroform
  • glacial acetic acid
35
Q

The spray fixatives have a dual purpose. What are they?

A
  • fixes cells
  • provides protection
36
Q

A major technique in cytology that is based on viscosity of the sample.

A

Direct smear preparation / pick & smear technique

37
Q

The process wherein a cell button or dot of fluids is processed and sectioned on a rotary microtome using the paraffin embedding technique.

A

Cell block technique

38
Q

Uses of Cell Block technique (5)

A
  • architectural evaluation
  • categorization of tumors
  • special stains & immunohistochemistry
  • immunophenotyping
  • as archival material for future studies
39
Q

A major technique in cytology wherein cells are filtered from a fluid through a porous membrane and are subsequently fixed and stained.

A

Membrane Filter technique

40
Q

membrane filter technique

  1. what are the two types of filters?
  2. What is the membrane made of?
A
    • millipore filter
    • nucleopore filter
    • cellulose acetate/esters
    • nitrate film
    • plastic or polycarbonate
41
Q

It has randomly spaced uniform cylindrical holes or pores which act like a sieve.

A

Filter

42
Q

Solutions to fit requirements for Membrane Filter Technique

  1. Small or scanty sample
  2. Relatively clear / few cells in large volume
A
  1. Wash container with 5 to 10 mL of NSS to increase the volume
  2. DO NOT PERFORM MFT. Best to centrifuge
43
Q

Disadvantages of MFT (4)

A
  • overcrowding or clumping of cells
  • unwanted staining of filter paper
  • distortion of morphology
  • difficulties in mounting & storing
44
Q

A major technique used in cytology that concentrates body fluid using an instrument design to deposit cells onto glass slide

A

Cytocentrifuge technique (Shandon Cytospin Tech)

45
Q

Advantages of the Cytocentrifuge technique

A
  • ease of use
  • quality of results
  • operator safety
46
Q
  • a major technique in cytology that has a great advantage of reaching suspicious sites by means of fine needle
  • it is done in almost all palpable superficial lesions
A

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

47
Q

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

  1. Also known as the triple test of ___ (3)
  2. Length of needle used
  3. Gauge of needle
A
    • palpation
    • radiologic findings
    • cytopathologic analysis
  2. 1.5 cm
  3. Inner organ: gauge 22
    Breast: gauge 19
48
Q

Advantages of Fine Needle Aspiration

A
  • fast and early diagnosis
  • less pain, less trauma
  • no anesthesia
  • accurate
  • acceptable by patience and doctors
49
Q

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

  1. Examples of superficial/palpable masses
  2. Examples of non palpable masses
A
    • breast
    • thryoid
    • peripheral mass
    • mediastinum
    • abdominal organs (liver, pancreas)
    • retroperitoneal organs (kidney, adrenal glands, lymph nodes)
50
Q

STAINS

    • it stains DNA, RNA, and acid nucleoproteins
    • most precise staining of exfoliated cells
    • it stains keratin in vulvar CA
    • contains the yellow dye orange G
    • a polychromatic mixture
    • comprises three dyes
    • influences pH of the staining solution
    • promote staining with light green at low pH
A
  1. Harris hematoxylin
  2. Orange G6
  3. Eosin azure 50
  4. Phosphotungstic acid

HCT (9 decks)

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