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HCT > Lec 10: Exfoliative Cytology > Flashcards

Lec 10: Exfoliative Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

The microscopic examination of cells from different body sites for diagnostic purposes

A

Diagnostic Cytology

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2
Q

For cytologic examinations to be a diagnostic value, the sample must include ___.

A
  • the representative material from the pathologic organ
  • the method used to process it must give rapid results without sacrificing cellular details
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3
Q

The microscopic study of cells that have been desquamated from epithelial cells or surfaces

A

Exfoliative Cytology

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4
Q

Recommendations or Purposes of exfoliative cytology

A
  • Detection of malignant cells
  • Detection of precancerous cervical lesions in women
  • Assessment of female hormonal status
  • Determination of genetic sex
  • Infectious agents
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5
Q

Smear Preparations

  1. Appropriate labels.
  2. Thin PAP smears are immediately fixed in ____.
  3. [TRUE or FALSE] Air drying is done in smears for cytological detection of neoplasia.
  4. [TRUE or FALSE] Air drying is AVOIDED in slides bearing blood or any bone marrow.
A
  1. • patient’s name & age
    • date
    • specimen type
    • laboratory identifying number
  2. 95% Alcohol
    » to preserve fine structures of chromatin
    » to evaluate any changes
  3. FALSE
  4. FALSE
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6
Q

The most common cancer detected at the pre-invasive stage

A

Cancer of uterine cervix

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7
Q

Before doing a Cervical PAP Smear

  1. Abstain from penetrative sex (coitus) and douching for ___.
  2. No intravaginal preparations for ___ before examination.
  3. Can the procedure be done during menstrual bleeding?
  4. Contraindications.
A
  1. 1 day
  2. At least 1 week
  3. NO, because of possible contamination
  4. • History of hysterectomy for non-malignant disease
    • History of endometrial cancer
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8
Q

Cervical PAP Smear procedure

  1. Place patient in a ___ position.
  2. Place the spatula against the cervix and rotate ____.
  3. If using spray fixative, hold it ____ away from the slide.
  4. What fixative is used?
A
  1. Dorsal lithotomy position
  2. Clockwise 360°
  3. 15 to 20 cm away
  4. 95% ethanol
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9
Q

What are used for collection of cervical smears? (4)

A
  • cotton swabs
  • wooden spatula
  • plastic spatula
  • cytobrushes (cervical brushes)
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10
Q

Cervical PAP Smear: Collecting Systems

  1. Why are cotton swabs discouraged?
  2. Which is more preferable between the two spatulas?
  3. [TRUE or FALSE] excessively thin or thick smears can result to false positive reports
  4. It is used STRICTLY for taking materials in the endocervix.
A
  1. Because of the drying artifacts and loss of cells
  2. Wooden spatula
    » has mildly rough surface that collects more materials
  3. FALSE
    » false NEGATIVE
  4. Endocervical brush
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11
Q

At what age should PAP Smear be done?

A

21 year-old female
Regardless of sexual activity

21 to 29 years old
Screening every 3 years

30 to 65 years old
• co-testing every 5 years
» PAP + HPV testing
• routine PAP smear every 3 years

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12
Q

At what age is PAP Smear no longer recommended in women?

A

65 years old

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13
Q

The study of cells taken directly from the surfaces of incised specimens by touching them with a clean glass slide

A

Impression Cytology/smear

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14
Q

What is impression smear used for?

A
  • for ulcerated surface lesions
  • for tumors (especially of lymph nodes)
    » hematolymphoid malignancies
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15
Q

Sputum Smear

  1. How many sputum specimens should be obtained?
  2. When to collect the specimen?
  3. The manner of collection.
  4. How to tell if specimen is sputum or saliva?
A
  1. At least 3 consecutive morning specimens
  2. Early morning
  3. • by deep cough
    • inhalation of aerosol solution for 20 minutes to produce deep cough
  4. Sputum = presence of Alveolar macrophages
    Saliva = NO alveolar macrophages
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16
Q

What specimen is directly smeared on to two label slides by pull technique?

A

Bronchoscopy specimens

17
Q

Gastric Secretion and Aspirate

  1. Why is it difficult to make?
  2. Manner of collection
  3. What happens if specimen is delayed before fixation?
  4. How long must patient fast?
A
  1. • inaccessible
    • presence of gastric juice
    » affects cell morphology
  2. • by simple irrigation
    • by aspiration technique
  3. 30 minutes delayed before fixation will digest the cells
  4. At least 8 hours before gastric washing
18
Q

In women, any discharge from the nipple is abnormal. EXCEPT in what circumstances?

A
  • during lactation
  • immediate post-lactation period
19
Q
  1. Spontaneous nipple discharge is usually a result of ___.
  2. When nipple discharge is bloody, it is considered a ___.
A
  1. Hormonal imbalance
  2. Benign intraductal papilloma
20
Q

Breast secretion: collection technique

  1. Procedure
  2. Fixative used
A
  1. a.) gently squeeze subareolar area and nipple
    b.) place slide on nipple and drawn quickly across the nipple
  2. 95% isopropanol
21
Q

The study of cellular samples obtained from organs that do NOT shed cells spontaneously

A

Fine Needle Aspiration

22
Q

Examples of Organs that do NOT shed cells spontaneously

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Liver
  • lungs
  • skin
  • soft tissue
  • bones
  • breast
  • thyroid gland
23
Q

Fine Needle Aspiration

  1. Gauge of needle & volume of syringe used.
  2. [TRUE or FALSE] The sample should be air dried as quickly as possible to reduce the effects of shrinkage.
  3. The ideal aspirate is ___ consistency with ____ cells suspended in a small amount of tissue fluid without a mixture of ___.
A
    • Gauge 25
    • 10 mL syringe
  2. TRUE
  3. a.) creamy consistency
    b.) numerous cells
    c.) blood
24
Q

The fluid accumulated in 3 serous cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal)

A

Serous effusion

25
Q

Serous effusions are collected using ___ collection containers.

A

Heparinized

26
Q

Cell Suspension

  1. Optimum amount of sample for cytological examination
  2. Refrigeration at ___ keeps specimen viable for up to ___ days.
  3. [TRUE or FALSE] Urine, serous effusions, & watery lavage should NOT be centrifuged.
A
  1. 20 to 30 mL
  2. • 4° Celsius
    • 4 days
  3. FALSE
27
Q

Urinary Tract Specimen

  1. Specimens should be labeled as ___.
  2. What voided urine is preferred?
  3. Which voided urine is discarded and why?
A
  1. • voided
    • catheterized
    • washing from bladder/renal pelvis
  2. Second voided urine
  3. First voided urine is discarded due to overnight degeneration of cells.
28
Q

Urinary Tract Specimen

Method of collection for male and female.

A

Male: Voided specimen

Female: catheterized is recommended
» prevents contamination of vulvar cells

29
Q

Body Cavity Effusion: CSF

  1. [TRUE or FALSE] CSF should be collected in clean, sterile, and dry containers.
  2. What preservative is used?
A
  1. FALSE
    » clean, NON-STERILE, and dry containers.
  2. Heparin
30
Q

The process of submerging of freshly prepared smears immediately in a liquid fixative

A

Wet fixation

31
Q

A method of fixation that is ideal for fixing all gynecological and non-gynecological smears.

A

Wet fixation

32
Q

The alcohols used for Wet Fixation

A
  • 95% ethyl alcohol
  • ether alcohol mixture
  • 100% methanol
  • 80% propanol and isopropanol
  • denatured alcohol
33
Q

Wet Fixation

  1. It is the ideal fixative recommended in most laboratories for cytological specimen
  2. It is an acceptable substitute for 95% ethanol
  3. The composition of ether alcohol mixture
  4. It is an excellent fixative but it is NOT used in most laboratories due to safety hazards
A
  1. 95% ethyl alcohol
  2. 100% methanol
  3. Ether & 95% ethanol
  4. Ether alcohol mixture
34
Q

It is a special purpose fixative used to hemolyze RBC and hemorrhagic samples

A

Carnoy’s fixative

35
Q
  • an excellent nuclear fixative and preservative for glycogen
  • produces considerable shrinkage of cells and overstaining in hematoxylin
A

Carnoy’s fixative

HCT (9 decks)

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