Lec 1 week 1-FUNCT MORPHOLOGY OF THE LUNG

Question 1

Name the 7 accessory muscles of respiration

Answer 1

1. Serratus superior posterior
2. Levator costae
3. Serratus inferior posterior
4. Pectoralis muscles
5. Serratus anterior
6. Scalenus anterior
7. Stenorcleidomastoid

Question 2

Of the 7 accessory muscles, which is that one that deviates from the others by depressing the rib cage?

Answer 2

Serratus inferior posterior

*All the others elevate the rib cage aiding with inspiration

Question 3

Supplied by the phrenic nerve C3 C4 C5

Answer 3

Diaphragm

Question 4

Supplied by long thoracic nerve

Answer 4

serratus anterior

Question 5

Medial and
lateral Pectoral nerves C6-8

Answer 5

pectoralis minor and major

Question 6

Supplied by anterior rami spinal nerves

Answer 6

serratus superior posterior and serratus inferior posterio

Question 7

Supplied by posterior rami

Answer 7

levator costae

Question 7

Supplied by Anterior rami cervical spinal nerves
(C4-6 and C3-8)

Answer 7

Scalenus anterior/ medius

Question 8

Supplied by Accessory nerve

Answer 8

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 9

Discuss the structures passes from the skin to the lung

Answer 9

skin»superficial fascial»external intercostal muscle»internal intercoastal»innermost»endothoracic fascia»parietal pleura»pleural cavity»visceral pleura»lung

Question 10

During inspiration, which 2 muscles increase volume or diameter of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 10

vertical diameter- diaphragm
horizontal diameter- pectoralis muscles; serratus anterior; external intercostals

Question 11

Features unique to the right lung

Answer 11

• 3 lobes (oblique fissure and horizontal fissure)
• Larger and heavier, but shorter due to the presence of the liver underneath it
• Lacks a cardiac notch
• Lacks lingula
• The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical, making it more prone to aspiration of foreign objects.

Question 12

Features unique to the left lung

Answer 12

• 2 lobes oblique fissure
• Cardiac notch
• Lingula (extends below cardiac notch)
• The left main bronchus is narrower, longer, and more horizontal

Question 12

Largest subdivison
of a lobe of the lung. Much useful when planning for surgery

Answer 12

Bronchopulmonary segments

*~10 per lung

Question 13

Where is the site of ‘nerve collection’ in the lungs called the pulmonary plexus found?

Answer 13

hilum of each lung

Question 14

Process where air is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, traveling down the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles via conducting pathways

Answer 14

convection

Question 15

Primary mechanism by which gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) move across the respiratory membrane in the lungs and between the blood and tissues

Answer 15

Diffussion

Question 16

Histological features of the RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

Answer 16

• Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Goblet cells- secrete mucus
• Brush boarder- cilia (be sweeping mucus)
• Small granule cells: scattered throughout the respiratory epithelium, from the trachea to the bronchioles. found near the basal layer of the epithelium and are characterized by their small size and the presence of dense-core granules within their cytoplasm.
• Basal cells- found in the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the respiratory tract, including the trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. Located at the base of the epithelium. They serve as progenitor cells that maintain, regenerate, and repair the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract

Question 17

What are Goblet cells in the bronchioles termed? *Known as the unique cells of the bronchioles

Answer 17

Club cells (are non-ciliated columnar epithelium)

*are secretory or exocrine

Question 18

Discuss histology of trachea outside -in

Answer 18

• mucosa
• Submucosa
• Tracheal cartilage

Question 19

Alveolar duct per lung

Answer 19

150 to 200 million

Question 20

Small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli in the lungs. Found in the interalveolar septum. Provide an alternative pathway for air to flow between adjacent alveoli.

Answer 20

pores of Kohn

Question 21

Name the layers making the blood-gas barrier in the lung

Answer 21

capillary endothelium»fused basal laminae (from both the capillary and the alveoli)»type 1 pneumocyte