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Microbiology Part 1 > Lec 1 Intro > Flashcards

Lec 1 Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

3 different major types of shapes used to distinguish bacteria?

A
  • cocci [rounded]
  • rods or bacilli [rod shape]
  • spirochetes or spirilla [coarse shape]
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2
Q

3 different major staining characteristics used to distinguish bacteria?

A
  • gram positive vs gram negative
  • acid fast
  • non-staining
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3
Q

Is mycoplasma staining or non-staining?

A

non-staining

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4
Q

Is myobacteria acid fast or non-staining?

A

it is acid fast

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5
Q

What is the shape of pneumococcus? Is it gram negative or positive?

A
  • cocci in pairs

- gram positive

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6
Q

What are the three forms of cocci bacteria?

A

pairs, chains, clusters

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7
Q

What color does gram positive show up vs gram negative?

A

gram positive = blue/purple

gram negative = red/pink

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8
Q

What are two other names for pneumococcus?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

S. pneumoniae

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9
Q

What is the shape of group A strep? gram positive or negative?

A

gram positive cocci in chains

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10
Q

What is the scientific name for group A strep?

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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11
Q

What is the shape of staphylococcus spp? Gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive cocci in clusters

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12
Q

What is the shape of neisseria spp? gram negative or positive?

A

gram negative cocci

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13
Q

What is the shape of campylobacter spp? gram negative or positive?

A

gram negative rods/bacilli

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14
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that cannot be visualized by gram stain?

A

spirochetes

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15
Q

What are 3 bacterial structures that are targets of antibiotic action?

A
  • cell wall
  • protein synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
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16
Q

What is the structure of bacteria?

A
  • prokaryotes with no organelles
17
Q

What are characteristics of gram negative bacteria?

A
  • two lipid bilayers surrounding thin layer of peptidoglycan

- outer lipid membrane contains porins and LPS

18
Q

What are characteristics of gram positive bacteria?

A
  • outer thick layer of peptidoglycan
  • single inner lipid bilayer
  • peptidoglycan layer contains surface proteins/carbs that can act as virulence factors [teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid
19
Q

What is the structure of the peptidoglycan layer?

A
  • parallel strands of murein = alternating NAM [n-acetyl muramic acid] and NAG [n-acetyl-glucosamine]
  • parallel strands are cross-linked by peptide chains
20
Q

What is murein?

A

strand of alternating NAM and NAG that makes up the peptidoglycan layer

21
Q

What are porin channels? Why are they important?

A

structure on outer lipid membrane of gram negative bacteria

  • allow entry of nutrients and antibiotics
  • modification of porin channel is a mech of antibiotic resistance
22
Q

What are LPS [lipopolysaccharides]? Why are they important?

A
  • LPS = lipopolysaccharide = endotoxins
  • on outer lipid bilayer of gram negative bacteria
  • important because as bacteria die, LPS are released and can trigger cytokine cascade that causes severe symptoms of infection distant to site of infection
23
Q

What is normal flora vs transient flora?

A 
normal = we have it all the time, low virulence, rarely causes disease
transient = usually not normal flora but can easily colonize for period of time, slightly higher virulence, usually doesn't cause disease
24
Q

What is one normal skin flora?

A

staphylococcus epidermis

25
Q

What is one transient skin flora?

A

staphylococcus auereus

26
Q

What are two normal upper respiratory tract flora?

A
  • anaerobic cocci

- viridans streptococci

27
Q

What are 3 normal bacteria in GI tract

A
  • bacteroides [anaerobic rods]
  • e coli [enterobacteriaceae]
  • enterococci
28
Q

What is one normal bacteria in GU tract?

A

lactobacillus

29
Q

What are 3 transient upper respiratory tract bacteria?

A
  • neisseria spp
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • haemophilus influenzae
30
Q

What are the steps by which a bacteria becomes disease?

A
  1. bacteria enters
  2. bacteria adheres and colonizes and multiplies
  3. bacteria invades
  4. disease caused by either direct effect of organism on tissue or by the inflammatory immune response
31
Q

What are the three factors that come together to cause disease

A
  • bacterial factors = virulence factors
  • host factors
  • environmental factors
32
Q

What are three environmental factors that lead to disease?

A
  • overcrowding [easier to spread]
  • climate [ex. in certain season]
  • antibiotic use
33
Q

What are 3 host factors that lead to disease?

A
  • immunocompromised state
  • extremes of age
  • breach in barriers
34
Q

What are some types of immunocompromised states that contribute to disease?

A
  • primary congential immunodeficiencies
  • AIDS
  • transplantation
  • cancer
  • sickle cell disease
  • alcohol use
  • diabetes
  • malnutrition
35
Q

What are some examples of breaches in barriers that contribute to disease?

A
  • skin and mucus membranes [break in skin]
  • gastric pH [high gastric pH]
  • flushing [urine, saliva] –> urinating/saliva you are forcing out organisms
  • ciliary function
  • mucus and secretory IgA
  • normal flora
36
Q

What are examples of virulence factors that contribute to disease?

A
  • ability to block part of immune system response [phagocytosis, antibodies, complement]
  • slime and biofilms
  • toxins [endotoxin vs exotoxin]
  • adhesion
  • flagella
  • ability to survive phagocytosis
  • ability to survive in hostile environment

Microbiology Part 1 (24 decks)

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