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Immunoserology > Lec 02.2: Acquired, Adaptive or Specific Immunity > Flashcards

Lec 02.2: Acquired, Adaptive or Specific Immunity Flashcards

1
Q
  • This refers to host response to foreign agents that depends on T and B lymphocytes and is characterized by specificity, memory, and recognition of self versus non-self
  • Third line of defense
A

Acquired, Adaptive or Specific Immunity

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of adaptive immune system

A
  1. Antibody-Mediated Immunity
  2. Cell-Mediated Immunity
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3
Q

Identify what part of adaptive immune system:

  • exposure of the body to an antigen can result in the activation of B cells and the production of antibodies
  • effective against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria, viruses (when outside cells), and toxins
  • Also involved with certain allergic reactions
A

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

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4
Q

Identify what part of adaptive immune system:

  • Function of cytotoxic T cells and is most effective against microorganisms that live inside the cells (intracellular) of the body (viruses and bacteria)
  • It is also involved with some allergic reactions, control of
    tumors, and graft rejection
A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

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5
Q

Determine if Antibody-Mediated Immunity (Humoral Immunity) or Cell-Mediated Immunity (Cellular Immunity):

  • Cell-Mediated
  • Acts Against Intracellular Pathogen
  • Virus, Fungi, Parasites, Mycobacteria, Tumor Cells
  • T Lymphocyte
  • Produce Cytokines
  • Elimination Of Tumor Cell, Graft Rejection, Hypersensitivity Reaction
A

Cellular Immunity

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6
Q

Determine if Antibody-Mediated Immunity or Cell-Mediated Immunity

  • Antibody-Mediated
  • Acts Against Extracellular Pathogen
  • Bacteria
  • B Lymphocyte
  • Produce Antibody
  • Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytolysis (ADCC)
A

Antibody-Mediated Immunity (Humoral Immunity)

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7
Q

T or F
Adaptive immunity starts with antigen presentation by Antigen Presenting Cells (Dendritic cells, Monocytes, Macrophages, B cells)

A

T

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of Responses of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Cellular
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9
Q

2 types of Responses of Adaptive
Immunity:

  • Non-cellular elements in the blood were responsible for protection from
    microorganisms
A

Humoral

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10
Q

2 types of Responses of Adaptive Immunity: Humoral

2 types of immunity under humoral

A
  1. Active
  2. Passive
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11
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral

  • Action is involved
  • The body forms the antibodies. The person produces his own antibodies
  • Has two types: Natural, Artificial
A

Active Immunity

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12
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral: Active immunity

  • The host is exposed to foreign immunogen as a result of infection and the host’s immune cells manufacture specific products to eliminate foreign immunogen
  • convalescent immunity that occurs when a person recovers from an infection

Its types

A

Natural Active

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13
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral: Active immunity

  • Immune system responds to an altered organism/non-infectious organism
  • Immunity acquired by injection of synthetic or biological preparations such as vaccine, toxin, and toxoid

Its types

A

Artificial Active

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14
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral

  • No action involved
  • The body or person merely received antibodies
  • Also has 2 types: Natural, Artificial
A

Passive

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15
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral: Passive

  • Crosses placenta to protect infant
  • Immunity resulting from the utero transfer to the fetus of antibodies formed earlier in the mother protects the newborn child during the first months of life against some common infections

Its types

A

Natural Passive

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16
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral: Passive

  • Immune product from another animal injected into the host
  • Immunity acquired by injection of immune sera or antitoxin originally manufactured by an animal (ex: horse)
A

Artificial Passive

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17
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral

Identify what type of humoral response and also what specific type

Mode of Acquisition: Infection

Antibody Produced by Host: Yes

Immediate Response: No

Duration of Immune Response: Long

A

Natural Active

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18
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral

Identify what type of humoral response and also what specific type

Mode of Acquisition: Vaccination

Antibody Produced by Host: Yes

Immediate Response: No

Duration of Immune Response: Long

A

Artificial Active

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19
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral

Identify what type of humoral response and also what specific type

Mode of Acquisition: Transfer In Vitro
or Colostrum

Antibody Produced by Host: No

Immediate Response: Yes

Duration of Immune Response: Short

A

Natural Passive

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20
Q

2 types of immunity under humoral

Identify what type of humoral response and also what specific type

Mode of Acquisition: nfusion of Serum
of Plasma Injection

Antibody Produced by Host: No

Immediate Response: Yes

Duration of Immune Response: Short

A

Artificial Passive

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21
Q

Active or Passive Immunity?

Participation of “Defense force” of the host: Participates in strictest sense

Relative effectiveness in adult: High

Relative efffectiveness in newborn: Low

Sources of the factors responsible for immunity: No

Way of Production: Natural, Artificial

Immunity Duration: Long

Conferring of Immunity: Latent Period

Negative Phase in Immunity: Present

Reactivation: Easy

A

Active Immunity

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22
Q

Active or Passive Immunity?

Participation of “Defense force” of the host: Does not participate in strictest sense

Relative effectiveness in adult: Moderate to low

Relative efffectiveness in newborn: Moderate to high

Sources of the factors responsible for immunity: May inherit from mother

Way of Production: Natural, Artificial

Immunity Duration: Short lived (10-14 days)

Conferring of Immunity: Immediate

Negative Phase in Immunity: Absent

Reactivation: Dangerous

A

Passive

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23
Q

2 types of Responses of Adaptive Immunity:

  • Cellular elements in the blood were responsible for protection from microorganisms
A

Cell-mediated

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24
Q

Two categories of cell-mediated response based on size

A
  • Small lymphocytes
  • LGL/ Large Granular Lymphocytes
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25
Q

Two categories of cell-mediated response based on size

  • 8-10um
  • high nuclear to cytoplasm (N/C) ratio
  • lack cytoplasmic granules
A

Small lymphocytes

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26
Q

Two categories of cell-mediated response based on size
* diameter of up to 16 um
* smaller N/C ratio than small lymphocytes
* Cytoplasmic granules.

A

LGL/ Large Granular Lymphocytes

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27
Q

What are the cells of adaptive immune system?

A

T-cell, B-cell

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28
Q

Cells of adaptive immune system

  • produce cytokines that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies
  • assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and helping to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune
A

T-cell

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29
Q

Cells of adaptive immune system

2 examples of T-cell?

A

CD4+, CD8+ cells

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30
Q

Cells of adaptive immune system

What is the normal ratio of CD4+ : CD8+ cell

A

2:1

CD4 has to be more numerous

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31
Q

Cells of adaptive immune system

T or F

ratio of CD4+ : CD8+ cell in HIV is 1: 0.5

A

F (reverse; should be 0.5:1)

CD4+ decreases since HIV attacks these cells

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32
Q

Cells of adaptive immune system: T-CELL

2 immunologic functions of T-cell:

  • cytolysis of virally infected cells & tumor targets
  • production
    of lymphokine
A

Effector functions

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33
Q

Cells of adaptive immune system: T-CELL

2 immunologic functions of T-cell:

  • ability to amplify or suppress other effector lymphocytes (including T and B cells)
A

Regulatory functions

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34
Q
  • a surface marker that identifies a particular cell line or stage of cellular differentiation with a defined structure
  • can be identified with a group or cluster of monoclonal antibodies
A

Cluster of Differentiation

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35
Q

T-CELLS CD MARKERS

Identify cd marker based on description:

  • sheep red blood cell receptor/ classical T-cell surface marker
  • rosette formation with sheep RBC
A

CD2

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36
Q

T-CELLS CD MARKERS

Identify cd marker based on description:

  • part of T-cell antigen-receptor complex
  • binds to antigen presented by APCs
A

CD3

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37
Q

T-CELLS CD MARKERS

Identify cd marker based on description:

  • Receptor for MHC Class II molecule
A

CD4

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38
Q

T-CELLS CD MARKERS

Identify cd marker based on description:

  • receptor for MHC Class I molecule
A

CD8

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39
Q

T-CELLS CD MARKERS

  • This molecule found on surface of APC, presents presents extracellular antigens recognized by Tcells using T cell antigen receptor (TCR & CD3)
A

MHC Class II

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40
Q

SURFACE MARKERS ON T, B, AND NK CELLS

Identify antigen based on cell type and function:

Cell type: Thymocytes, T-cells

Function: Found on all T cells;
associated with T-cell antigen receptor

A

CD3

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41
Q

Identify antigen based on cell type and function:

Cell type: T helper cells, Monocytes, Macrophages

Function: Identifies T helper cells (also found on most T regulatory cells)

A

CD4

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42
Q

Identify antigen based on cell type and function:

Cell type: Thymocyte subsets
Cytotoxic T cells

Function: Identifies cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)

A

CD 8

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43
Q

Identify antigen based on cell type and function:

Cell type: Macrophages, NK cells, Neutrophils

Function: Low-affinity Fc receptor for antibody, mediates phagocytosis

A

CD 16

mga 16 mga pHAGO at mahilig kumain NG?/??!

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44
Q

Identify antigen based on cell type and function:

Cell type: B cells, Follicular dendritic
cells

Function: Part of B-cell coreceptor;
regulates B-cell development and
activation

A

CD 19

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45
Q

Identify antigen based on cell type and function:

Cell type: B cells, Follicular dendritic
cells

Function: Receptor for complement component C3d, part of B-cell coreceptor with CD19

A

CD 21

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46
Q

Identify antigen based on cell type and function:

Cell type: NK cells, Subsets of T cells

Function: Cell adhesion

A

CD 56

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47
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

  1. T-cell Precursors leave the bone marrow and migrate to ?

what organ

A

Thymus

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48
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

2.Early surface markers on thymocytes that are committed to becoming T-cells include what 2 CD markers?

A

CD 44, CD 25

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49
Q

Thymocyte Migration

  1. Newly arriving thymocytes enter at the (blank)
  2. Migrate toward the thymic cortex under direction of (blank)
  3. Move from cortex to medulla over a (blank) period

sensya na di nagrregister blank

A
  1. Cortico-medullary junction
  2. Chemokines
  3. 3-week
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50
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

  • This cells are critical for t-cell differentiation
  • Include: macrophage, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, thymic epithelial cells
  • Maturation period: 3-week period
A

Thymic stromal cells

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51
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

  • This is where early precursor T cells (immature T cells) begin their development
A

Thymus CORTEX

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52
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

  • This is where mature T cells reside after surviving negative selection

from chat gpt

negative selection: eliminates self-reactive T cells to prevent autoimmunity

A

Thymus Medulla

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53
Q

Familiarize the ontogeny of lymphoid cells

ontogeny - step-by-step maturation of lymphoid cells,

A
  1. T Cell Differentiation (T cells develop from stem cells and mature in the thymus)
  2. Double-Negative Thymocyte (Immature T cells lack CD4 and CD8 markers at this stage)
  3. Double-Positive Thymocytes (T cells express both CD4 and CD8 before undergoing selection)
  4. Single Positive (T cells commit to either CD4 (helper) or CD8 (cytotoxic) roles)
  5. Mature T Cell ( Fully developed T cells enter circulation but remain naïve)
  6. Activated T Cell (T cells recognize an antigen and trigger an immune response)
  7. Sensitized T Cell (Memory T cells remember past infections for faster future responses.)

chat gpt based explanation for clarification only!

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54
Q

ONTOGENY OF LYMPHOID CELLS

  • Thymocytes undergo V(D)J recombination, which is a process that involves the random rearrangement of TCR gene segments to create a
    unique TCR
  • Happens in the Double-Negative Thymocyte stage.

a. REARRANGEMENT
OF T CELL
RECEPTOR

b. CHANGES IN
EXPRESSION OF
THYMOCYTE CELL
SURFACE MARKERS

c. SELECTION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
FUNCTIONAL
RECEPTORS

d. DELETION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
SELF-REACTIVE
POTENTIA

SELECT SPECIFIC PROCESS

A

REARRANGEMENT
OF T CELL
RECEPTOR

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55
Q

ONTOGENY OF LYMPHOID CELLS

  • Thymocytes express different cell surface markers at different stages of their development
  • These markers help to identify the stage of development and the type of T cell
  • Occurs when T cells transition from Double-Negative to Double-Positive stages (T-cells expressing expressing CD4 and CD8)

a. REARRANGEMENT
OF T CELL
RECEPTOR

b. CHANGES IN
EXPRESSION OF
THYMOCYTE CELL
SURFACE MARKERS

c. SELECTION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
FUNCTIONAL
RECEPTORS

d. DELETION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
SELF-REACTIVE
POTENTIA

SELECT SPECIFIC PROCESS

A

CHANGES IN
EXPRESSION OF
THYMOCYTE CELL
SURFACE MARKERS

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56
Q

ONTOGENY OF LYMPHOID CELLS

  • Thymocytes that express functional TCRs are selected to survive and mature, while those that do not express functional TCRs undergo
    apoptosis
  • Double-Positive stage ( T cells that successfully bind self-MHC molecules survive, while non-functional ones undergo apoptosis)

a. REARRANGEMENT
OF T CELL
RECEPTOR

b. CHANGES IN
EXPRESSION OF
THYMOCYTE CELL
SURFACE MARKERS

c. SELECTION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
FUNCTIONAL
RECEPTORS

d. DELETION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
SELF-REACTIVE
POTENTIA

SELECT SPECIFIC PROCESS

A

SELECTION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
FUNCTIONAL
RECEPTORS

57
Q

ONTOGENY OF LYMPHOID CELLS

  • Thymocytes that express TCRs that recognize self-antigens are deleted to prevent autoimmune
    disease
  • T cells transition to Single-Positive and Mature T Cell stages (T cells that recognize self-antigens too strongly are deleted to prevent autoimmunity)

a. REARRANGEMENT
OF T CELL
RECEPTOR

b. CHANGES IN
EXPRESSION OF
THYMOCYTE CELL
SURFACE MARKERS

c. SELECTION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
FUNCTIONAL
RECEPTORS

d. DELETION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
SELF-REACTIVE
POTENTIA

A

d. DELETION OF
THYMOCYTES WITH
SELF-REACTIVE
POTENTIAL

58
Q

DIFFERENT TYPES OF T CELLS

T helper, T cytotoxic, or T regulatory cell?

  • CD4+
  • Binds to MHC class II
  • Release cytokines
  • Types: Th 1, Th 2, Th 17, Tfh
59
Q

T helper, T cytotoxic, or T regulatory cell?

  • CD8+
  • Kills tumor cells and virally infected cells by binding to MHC class 1
  • MHC restricted and antigen specific
  • Kills through release of cytotoxic granules (perforins, granzymes)
A

T cytotoxic

60
Q

T cytotoxic cells: granules

2 cytotoxic granules present in T cytotoxic cells

A
  • Perforins
  • Granzymes

these are also present in NK cells

61
Q

T cytotoxic cells: granules

  • Create pores in target cell membrane, allowing granzymes to enter
A

Perforins

POREforins hehe

62
Q

T cytotoxic cells: granules

  • Proteolytic enzymes
  • induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in target cells
63
Q

DIFFERENT TYPES OF T CELLS

T helper, T cytotoxic, or T regulatory cell?

  • CD4+ and CD25+
  • CD25 acts as receptor for IL-2-
  • Differentiation is stimulated by TGF-β (induces expression of FOXP3 protein)-
  • Suppress immune response and prevents autoimmunity
A

T regulatory cell

64
Q

DIFFERENT TYPES OF T CELLS: T regulatory cell

CD25 acts as receptor for?

a. IL-1
b. IL-2
c. both
d. neither

65
Q

DIFFERENT TYPES OF T CELLS: T regulatory cell

Differentiation is stimulated by ?, which induces expression of FOXP3 protein

a. IL-2
b. PDGF
c. both
d. neither

A

d. neither

STIMULATED BY TGF-β

66
Q

DIFFERENT TYPES OF T CELLS: T regulatory cell

T or F

IN T-regulatory cells incolving CD4+ and CD25+, Differentiation is
stimulated by TGF-β which inhibits expression of FOXP3 protein

A

F (TGF-β induces expression of FOXP3 protein)

67
Q

What are the 3 mature T cells mentioned?

A

CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, T regulatory cells

68
Q

3 Mature T cells

  • Recognize antigen along with MHC class II protein
  • Also termed as Helper or Inducer Cells
  • Commander, appropriate command strategy
  • Chooses appropriate immune response depending on the type of pathogen
A

CD4+ T CELLS

69
Q

3 Mature T cells

For CD4+ T-cells, immune response strategy could either be?

a. Intracellular
b. Extracellular
c. both
d. neither

70
Q

3 Mature T cells

  • Cell-mediated = Th1 (IFN-y, IL-2, TNF-a)

Immune response strategy of T-cells

A

Intracellular

71
Q

3 Mature T cells

  • Th2 (for B cell activation into plasma cell, antibody production; IL-4,5,6,9,10,13)
  • Th17 - IL-17, 22

Immune response strategy of T-cells

A

Extracellular

72
Q

3 Mature T cells

T or F

Approximately 2/3 of peripheral T cells express CD4 antigen (Th1, Th 2)

73
Q

3 Mature T cells

Identify subset of Th cell based on description:

  • secretes IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-a;
  • effective against intracellular pathogens

y 2 a

74
Q

3 Mature T cells

Identify subset of Th cell based on description:
* secretes IL-17 and 22;
* recruits granulocytes against extracellular bacterial infection

75
Q

Identify subset of Th cell based on description:

  • secretes IL 4,5,6,9,10,13
  • Extracellular parasites and allergens
76
Q

Identify subset of Th cell based on description:

  • remains in the lymph nodes and interacts with B cells and plasma cells there
  • provide essential signaling to B cells as they undergo processes such as activation, immunoglobulin class switching, affinity maturation, and the formation of B-cell memory.
A

Tfh (T follicular
helper)

77
Q

3 Mature T cells

  • Interact with antigen and MHC class I proteins
  • Remaining one-third express CD8 antigen
A

CD8+ T CELLS

78
Q

3 Mature T cells

  • Possess the CD4 antigen and CD25
  • These cells comprise approximately
  • 5 to 10 percent of all CD4-positive T cells
  • T regs play an important role in suppressing the immune response to self-antigens (suppress or amplify response)
A

T REGULATORY CELLS (T reg)

79
Q

CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

  • Make up approximately 5-15% of circulating lymphocytes
  • Classically identified by their cell surface immunoglobulin
  • Life span- 3-5 days
  • Originally found to mature in birds in an organ called “bursa of fabricus” which is similar to appendix of humans
  • Surface immunoglobulin - traditional marker
  • CD19,20,21- newest marker
  • Activated to become plasma cell (antibody-producing cell)
80
Q

B cells are originally found to mature in birds in an organ called what, which is similar to appendix of humans?

A

bursa of fabricus

81
Q

Traditional marker of B cells?

A

Surface immunoglobulin

82
Q

3 newest marker for B cells?

A

CD 19, 20, 21

83
Q

T or F

Immature B cell are located in the Bone Marrow

84
Q

T or F

B cell can be activated by T cytotoxic cell

A

F (can be activated by T-helper cell)

85
Q

What are the 2 methods of B-cell activation?

A
  • T-dependent antigen
  • T-independent
86
Q

2 methods of B-cell activation

  • Requires T cell in activation
  • If T cell is involved: IgM to IgG (Ab isotype can be changed or switched, i.e., classswitching)
  • T cells release cytokines (end product of T cell activation), which dictate the type of Ab produced by the B cell
A

T-Dependent Antigens

87
Q

2 methods of B-cell activation

T or F

default antibody is IgM

88
Q

2 methods of B-cell activation

T or F

B cells activated by T helper cell respond better in allergens due to its ability to class switch from antibody IgG to IgE

A

F (B cells activated by T helper cell respond better in allergens due to its ability to class switch antibody from IgM to IgE)

remember: IgM is default antibading

89
Q

2 methods of B-cell activation

  • No class switching
  • Antibody remains the same, always IgM (macroglobulin, pentamer)
  • Identified Via surface immunoglobulin
A

T-Independent

90
Q

T or F
No T cell = no one will dictate the type of
Ab produced

91
Q

Familiarize the ONTOGENY OF LYMPHOID CELLS (B CELL DIFFERENTIATION)

A
  1. B cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
  2. Stem cells give rise to early lymphocyte progenitors, which then develop into B-cell precursors
  3. Antigen-independent phase
  4. Antigen-dependent phase:
92
Q

ONTOGENY OF LYMPHOID CELLS (B CELL DIFFERENTIATION)

T or F

B cells orginate from hematopoeitic stem cells in BM

93
Q

ONTOGENY OF LYMPHOID CELLS (B CELL DIFFERENTIATION)

  • Formation of distinct subpopulations
  • Pro-B cells (progenitor B cells), Pre-B cells (precursor B cells), Immature B cells, Mature B cells
  • This happens in the bone marrow before the B cell encounters any foreign antigen
A

Antigen-independent phase

94
Q

ONTOGENY OF LYMPHOID CELLS (B CELL DIFFERENTIATION)

  • Generation of plasma cells and memory B cells after encountering specific antigen
  • Occurs after B cells leave the bone marrow and enter lymphoid organs
A

Antigen-dependent phase

95
Q

STAGES OF B-CELL DEVELOPMENT

Identify what stage based on key CD markers, B-cell receptor, and MHC

Key CD markers: CD 10
CD 19
B-cell receptor: —-
MHC: +

A

Pro-B cell

96
Q

Identify what stage based on key cd markers, b-cell receptor, and MHC

Key CD markers: CD 10, 19, 20
B-cell receptor: Immunoglobulin
(Ig) heavy chain, Surrogate light chain
MHC: +

A

Pre-B cell

97
Q

Identify what stage based on key cd markers, b-cell receptor, and MHC

Key CD markers: CD 10, 19, 20, 21, 40
B-cell receptor: Immunoglobulin
M (IgM) heavy chains and κ or λ light chains
MHC: ++

A

Immature B cell

98
Q

Identify what stage based on key cd markers, b-cell receptor, and MHC

Key CD markers: CD 19, 20, 21, 40
B-cell receptor: Immunoglobulin
D (IgD) or IgM heavy chains
and κ or λ light chains
MHC: ++

A

Mature B cell

99
Q

Identify what stage based on key cd markers, b-cell receptor, and MHC

Key CD markers: CD 138
B-cell receptor: —-
MHC: -

A

Plasma Cell

100
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

  • B-cell progenitors receive signals from bone marrow stromal cells through
    cell-to-cell contact and soluble
    cytokines (e.g., IL-7)
  • Signaling induces expression of transcription factors (e.g., E2A, EBF, IFR8, PAX5)

a. SIGNALING
b. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
c. BCR GENE REARRANGEMENT
d. BCR STRUCTURE
e. GENE REARRANGEMENT
PROCESS
f. ALLELIC EXCLUSION
g. PROGRESSION TO NEXT STAGE

SELECT WHICH SPECIFIC PROCESS

A

a. SIGNALING

101
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

B-cell progenitors receive signals from
bone marrow stromal cells through?

a. cell to cell contact
b. insoluble cytokine (IL-7)
c. both
d. neither

1. SIGNALING

A

a. cell to cell contact

1. Signaling

b should be soluble cytokine to be correct

102
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

T or F

Signaling induces expression of
transcription factors (e.g., E2A, EBF,
IFR8, PAX5)

1. Signaling

103
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

  • Control gene expression and drive pro-B cell development
  • required for continued survival and development of pro-B cells

a. SIGNALING
b. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
c. BCR GENE REARRANGEMENT
d. BCR STRUCTURE
e. GENE REARRANGEMENT
PROCESS
f. ALLELIC EXCLUSION
g. PROGRESSION TO NEXT STAGE

SELECT SPECIFIC PROCESS

A

b. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

104
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

  • Pro-B cells undergo rearrangement of B-cell receptor (BCR) genes
  • Rearrangement occurs in a stepwise
    manner, beginning with heavy-chain
    genes
  • BCR is a cell surface version of an
    immunoglobulin (antibody molecule)

a. SIGNALING
b. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
c. BCR GENE REARRANGEMENT
d. BCR STRUCTURE
e. GENE REARRANGEMENT
PROCESS
f. ALLELIC EXCLUSION
g. PROGRESSION TO NEXT STAGE

A

BCR GENE REARRANGEMENT

105
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

is a cell surface version of an
immunoglobulin (antibody molecule)

A

B cell Receptor or BCR

106
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

  • Composed of two chains (heavy and light
  • Variable regions determine epitope specificity
  • Constant regions allow for intracellular signaling and activation

a. SIGNALING
b. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
c. BCR GENE REARRANGEMENT
d. BCR STRUCTURE
e. GENE REARRANGEMENT
PROCESS
f. ALLELIC EXCLUSION
g. PROGRESSION TO NEXT STAGE

A

BCR STRUCTURE

107
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

a. contains light and heavy chain
b. heavy chain only
c. both
d. neither

BCR STRUCTURE

A

a. contains light and heavy chain

108
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

a. constant regions: epitope specificty
b. variable regions: intracellular signalling and activation
c. both
d. neither

A

d. neither (reverse)

variable regions: epitope specificty
constant regions: intracellular signalling and activation

109
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

t OR f

Rearrabgement occurs in stepwise manner

110
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

  • Enzymes bring together V, D, and J segments by looping out intervenin DNA
  • Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase incorporates random nucleotides into joints
  • Results in unique BCR genes not found in the genome

a. SIGNALING
b. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
c. BCR GENE REARRANGEMENT
d. BCR STRUCTURE
e. GENE REARRANGEMENT
PROCESS
f. ALLELIC EXCLUSION
g. PROGRESSION TO NEXT STAGE

WHAT SPECIFIC PROCESS

A

e. GENE REARRANGEMENT
PROCESS

111
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

  • Once heavy-chain rearrangement is
    completed successfully on one
    chromosome, expression of the
    heavy-chain gene on the opposite chromosome is silenced

a. SIGNALING
b. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
c. BCR GENE REARRANGEMENT
d. BCR STRUCTURE
e. GENE REARRANGEMENT
PROCESS
f. ALLELIC EXCLUSION
g. PROGRESSION TO NEXT STAGE

WHAT SPECIFIC PROCESS

A

ALLELIC EXCLUSION

112
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PROgenitor-B CELL

  • Pro-B cells must undergo successful heavy-chain gene rearrangement to progress to the next stage of differentiation

a. SIGNALING
b. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
c. BCR GENE REARRANGEMENT
d. BCR STRUCTURE
e. GENE REARRANGEMENT
PROCESS
f. ALLELIC EXCLUSION
g. PROGRESSION TO NEXT STAGE

WHAT SPECIFIC PROCESS

A

PROGRESSION TO
NEXT STAGE

113
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PREcursor-B CELL

  • Heavy chains accumulate in cytoplasm
  • Some heavy chains travel to cell surface and combine with surrogate light chain, Ig-α, and Ig-β to form pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR)

a. CHARACTERISTICS
b. PRE-BCR
c. LIGHT-CHAIN GENE
REARRANGEMENT
d. IMMUNOGLOBULIN
FORMATION
e. TRANSITION TO
IMMATURE B CELL

SELECT

A

CHARACTERISTICS

114
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PREcursor-B CELL

  • Comprised of heavy chain, surrogate light chain, Ig-α, and Ig-β
  • Signals cell to undergo several rounds of cell division, resulting in clones of cells with identical heavy chain

a. CHARACTERISTICS
b. PRE-BCR
c. LIGHT-CHAIN GENE
REARRANGEMENT
d. IMMUNOGLOBULIN
FORMATION
e. TRANSITION TO
IMMATURE B CELL

115
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PREcursor-B CELL

  • Begins simultaneously with pre-BCR appearance
  • Involves rearrangement of κ or λ light-chain genes
  • V, J, and constant regions are stitched together

a. CHARACTERISTICS
b. PRE-BCR
c. LIGHT-CHAIN GENE
REARRANGEMENT
d. IMMUNOGLOBULIN
FORMATION
e. TRANSITION TO
IMMATURE B CELL

A

LIGHT-CHAIN GENE
REARRANGEMENT

116
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PREcursor-B CELL

  • Successfully rearranged light chains
    combine with heavy chains to form
    immunoglobulins (IgM)
  • Immunoglobulins are fastened together by disulfide bonds and travel to cell surface

a. CHARACTERISTICS
b. PRE-BCR
c. LIGHT-CHAIN GENE
REARRANGEMENT
d. IMMUNOGLOBULIN
FORMATION
e. TRANSITION TO
IMMATURE B CELL

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN
FORMATION

117
Q

Antigen-independent phase: PREcursor-B CELL

  • Appearance of functional B cell receptor (BCR) on cell surface signifies entry into immature B cell stage

a. CHARACTERISTICS
b. PRE-BCR
c. LIGHT-CHAIN GENE
REARRANGEMENT
d. IMMUNOGLOBULIN
FORMATION
e. TRANSITION TO
IMMATURE B CELL

A

TRANSITION TO
IMMATURE B CELL

118
Q

Antigen-independent phase: ImMature b cell

  • Expression of functional IgM B cell receptor (BCR) on cell surface
    Random specificity of BCR due to gene rearrangement
  • High likelihood of self-reactive BCRs

a. CHARACTERISTICS
B. NEGATIVE SELECTION
C. SURFACE MARKERS
D. MATURE B CELL

SELECT

A

CHARACTERISTICS

119
Q

Antigen-independent phase: ImMature b cell

  • CD21: receptor for complement component C3
  • CD40: important for interaction with CD4+ T helper (Th) cells
  • Class II MHC molecules: essential for
    antigen presentation to CD4+ Th cells

a. CHARACTERISTICS
B. NEGATIVE SELECTION
C. SURFACE MARKERS
D. MATURE B CELL

A

SURFACE
MARKERS

120
Q

Antigen-independent phase: ImMature b cell

  • receptor for complement
    component C3d

SURFACE MARKERS

121
Q

Antigen-independent phase: ImMature b cell

  • important for interaction with CD4+ T helper (Th) cells

SURFACE MARKERS

122
Q

Antigen-independent phase: ImMature b cell

  • essential for
    antigen presentation to CD4+ Th cells

SURFACE MARKERS

A

Class II MHC molecules

123
Q

Antigen-independent phase: ImMature b cell

  • Expresses functional IgM BCR
  • Survives negative selection
  • Displays B cell markers (CD21,
    CD40, MHC)
    Exits bone marrow and travels to
    spleen for further development

a. CHARACTERISTICS
B. NEGATIVE SELECTION
C. SURFACE MARKERS
D. MATURE B CELL

A

MATURE B CELL

124
Q

Antigen-independent phase: Mature b cell

  • Follicular B cells
  • Marginal-zone B cells

a. TWO TYPES OF MATURE B CELLS
b. CHARACTERISTICS OF MATURE B
CELLS
c. BCR SIGNALING

SELECT

A

TWO TYPES OF MATURE B CELLS

125
Q

Antigen-independent phase: Mature b cell

  • Recirculate between blood and secondary lymphoid organs
  • Respond to antigens with help from CD4+ follicular helper (Tfh) cells
  • Form immunologic memory

TWO TYPES OF MATURE B CELLS

A

Follicular B cells

126
Q

Antigen-independent phase: Mature b cell

  • Remain in the spleen
  • Respond quickly to blood-borne pathogens
  • Produce IgM-secreting plasma cells
    without Tfh cell help

TWO TYPES OF MATURE B CELLS

A

Marginal-zone B cells

127
Q

Antigen-independent phase: Mature b cell

  • Express IgM and IgD B cell receptors
    (BCRs) with the same antigenic specificity
  • Presence of both IgM and IgD on the
    cell membrane signifies a mature B
    cell

a. TWO TYPES OF MATURE B CELLS
b. CHARACTERISTICS OF MATURE B
CELLS
c. BCR SIGNALING

A

b. CHARACTERISTICS OF MATURE B
CELLS

128
Q

Antigen-independent phase: Mature b cell

  • Binding of BCR to specific antigeninitiates intracellular signaling cascade
  • Signals drive B cell to enter proliferative stage, producing antibody-secreting plasma cells and
    memory B cells (for follicular B cells)

a. TWO TYPES OF MATURE B CELLS
b. CHARACTERISTICS OF MATURE B
CELLS
c. BCR SIGNALING

A

BCR SIGNALING

129
Q

Antigen-independent phase: Mature b cell

T or F

Follicular B cells require Tfh cell help,
while marginal-zone B cells do not

130
Q

Antigen-independent phase: Mature b cell

T or F

Marginal-zone B cells form immunologic
memory, while Follicular B cells
do not

A

F (reverse)

Follicular B cells form immunologic
memory, while marginal-zone B cells
do not

131
Q
  • Reflects their role as antibody-production factories
  • Abundant cytoplasLittle surface immunoglobulin
  • Oval-shaped nuclei with clumped, dark-staining chromatin
  • Ample endoplasmic reticulum and well-defined Golgimic immunoglobulin
  • Little surface immunoglobulin
A

Plasma Cell

132
Q

Resident plasma cells are found in what 2 locations?

A

Bone marrow, Germinal centers of peripheral lymphoid organs

133
Q

Plasma cells in BM or Plasma cells in other tissues?

  • Survive with support from stromal cells
  • Receive cytokine stimulation
  • Produce antibodies continually
A

Plasma cells in BM

134
Q

Surface marker found on plasma cells?

135
Q
  • are populations of long-lived T or B cells that
    have been stimulated by antigen.
  • They can make a quick response to a previously encountered antigen.
A

Memory B cell/T cell

136
Q
  • carry surface IgG as their antigen receptor
A

Memory B cells

137
Q
  • express the CD45RO variant of the
    leukocyte common antigen and increased levels of cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), chemical mediators involved in inflammatory processes throughout the body
A

Memory T cells

138
Q

Plasma cells in BM or Plasma cells in other tissues?

  • Produce antibody for a short time then die
A

Plasma cells in otehr tissues

Immunoserology (12 decks)

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