Lec 01: Introduction to Immunity and the Immune System Flashcards
Refers to the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
Immunology
Refers to the study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (non-self) material.
Immunology
Refers to the antigens that you do not possess
Non-self antigens / foreign antigens
Familiarize the role of the immune system
- Defending the body against infections
- Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
- Defending the body against the development of tumors
Tumors originated from which kind of cells
Cancer cells
Refers to:
● The condition of being resistant to infection/pathogen
● The recognition of foreign substances and subsequent `production of antibodies to these substances.
Immunity
Two types of immunity
Natural and Adaptive
Natural immunity is also called what?
Innate/Nonspecific immunity
Adaptive immunity is also called what?
Acquired immunity
TOF: Natural immunity is specific
False
TOF: Adaptive immunity is specific
True
TOF: Natural immunity is present at birth
True
TOF: Adaptive immunity is present at birth
False
TOF: Natural immunity is acquired when sick
False
TOF: Adaptive immunity is acquired when sick
True
TOF: Natural immunity has a stronger reaction after exposure to pathogen
False
TOF: Adaptive immunity has a stronger reaction after exposure to pathogen
True
Refers to the characteristic of innate immunity that when the body recognizes foreign substances, the reaction will be the same to the different substances and not specific
Non-specific
Refers to one of the defense mechanisms of innate immunity that is composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.
External defense mechanism
Refers to one of the defense mechanisms of innate immunity that is designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organisms.
Internal defense mechanism
Types of barriers in the external defense mechanism
Structural/physical barriers
Mechanical barriers
Chemical barriers
Type of barrier in the external defense mechanism
Intact Skin
Mucous membranes of respiratory and
GI tract
Ciliated epithelium
Lacrimal apparatus
Sweat and sebaceous glands
Structural/physical barrier
Type of barrier in the external defense mechanism
Peristaltic movement of intestine
Shedding of cells
Coughing and sneezing
Flushing action of urine
Mechanical barriers
Type of barrier in the external defense mechanism
Acid pH
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Chemical barriers
These are under what example in the internal defense mechanism
Body temperature
Oxygen tension
Hormonal balance
Physiologic factors
These are under what example in the internal defense mechanism
Spermin
Defensin
Basic polypeptides
These are under what example in the internal defense mechanism
Alpha IFN
Beta IFN
Gamma IFN
Interferons
Refers to the principle soluble mediator of inflammatory response
Complement
Refers to the normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at least 25 percent due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.
Acute phase reactants
The ff are normal serum constituents that increased rapidly in infection, injury, and trauma and are collectively known as what?
CRP (C-reactive protein), Serum amyloid A, Alpha-1, Anti-trypsin, haptoglobin, fibrinogen
Acute phase reactants
Two types of WBCs according to granulation
Granulocytes
Agrangulocytes
Mechanism that refers to the collective pool of cells that defend the body
Cellular defense mechanism
The ff are examples of which type of mechanism
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Basophils
d. Mast cells
e. Monocytes
f. Macrophages
g. Dendritic cells
Cellular defense mechanism
Represents approximately 50 to 70 percent of the total peripheral white blood cells
Neutrophils
Familiarize the primary granules of neutrophils
● Myeloperoxidase
● Elastase
● proteinase 3
● Lysozyme
● cathepsin G
● defensins
Familiarize the secondary granules of neutrophils
● Collagenase
● Lactoferrin
● Lysozyme
● reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADPH) oxidase
Familiarize the tertiary granules of neutrophils
● gelatinase
● plasminogen activator
Refers to cells that are increased in allergy and parasitic infections
Eosinophils
Which WBC has acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase on its primary granules?
Eosinophil
Which WBC exclusively has MBP, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin?
Eosinophil
Its granules are histamine, a small amount of heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factor A, all of which have an important function in inducing and maintaining immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
Basophils
In this cell, the enzyme content of the granules
helps to distinguish them from basophils, as they contain acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and protease.
Mast cells
Refers to the largest blood cell and a phagocyte in blood
Monocytes
These are larger version of monocytes on tissue. Their functions include microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, intracellular parasite eradication, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators, and antigen presentation.
Tissue macrophages
The main function of these cells is to phagocytose antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes
Dendritic cells
This allows the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus, an antigen.
Adaptive immunity
This allows the host to respond more effectively if re-infection with the same
microorganism occurs.
Adaptive immunity
Two components of the adaptive immune system
Cellular and Humoral
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and plasma cells are parts of which component of adaptive immunity
Cellular
Antibodies and cytokines are parts of which component of adaptive immunity
Humoral
These cells are the key cells involved in the immune response; has a -7- 10 μm diameter and has a large rounded nucleus that may be
somewhat indented.
Lymphocytes
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs
spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, and other mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
Three types of lymphocytes
T, B, and NK cells
These act as a reference in standardizing names of membrane proteins found on all human white blood cells
Clusters of differentiation
Refer to:
◦ has the capacity to produce harmful antibodies after differentiation into plasma cells.
◦ Capacity to expand clonally, which allows them to become the numerically dominant APCs
B lymphocytes
This produce a wide range of cytokines and chemokines that odulate the maturation, migration, and function of other immune effector cells
Activated B cells
Refer to:
◦ Responsible for cellular immune responses and are involved in the regulation of antibody reactions in conjunction with B lymphocytes.
T lymphocytes
These are early surface markers on thymocytes that are committed to becoming T cells
CD44 and CD25
Refers to:
◦ are generally larger than T cells and B cells at approximately 15 μm in diameter, and they contain kidney-shaped nuclei with condensed chromatin and prominent nucleoli.
◦The have the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure to them
NK Cells
CD markers of NK cells
CD16, CD56, CD94
Two types of adaptive immunity
Active and passive
Two types of active immunity
Natural Active and Artificial Active
Two types of passive immunity
Natural Passive and Artificial Passive
Type of active immunity that you get when you encounter a pathogen and develop antibodies against it
Natural Active
Type of active immunity that you get through vaccination and you get injected with antigen
Artificial Active
Type of passive immunity that is passed by the mother to its baby
Natural Passive
Type of passive immunity that you get when you are directly given antibodies through blood products and is done if the patient is immunocompromised or not capable of forming antibodies
Artificial Passive
Refers to the collective signs that show that the patient is currently suffering from inflammation
Cardinal signs
Cardinal sign that refer to the redness of incision/infected area where foreign material might have entered through
Rubor
Cardinal sign that refer to the generation of heat
Calor
Cardinal sign that refer to swelling
Tumor
Cardinal sign that refer to pain
Dolor
Cardinal sign that refer to loss of function
Functo laesa
