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Immunoserology > Lec 02.1: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Lec 02.1: Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Which are innate and adaptive?

  1. limited (can differentiate but not specify the pathogen
  2. can further differentiate what specific pathogen or nonself antigen is invading the body
A
  1. Innate
  2. Adaptive
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2
Q

Specify which is intracellular and extracellular.

  1. immune response mounted is cell-mediated (cell-cell; phagocytosis or T Cell mediated)
  2. immune response mounted is humoral (production of antibodies)
A
  1. Intracellular
  2. Extracellular
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3
Q

Refers to:

  • the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
    ● a science has its roots in the study of immunity, the condition of being resistant to infection.
A

Immunology

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4
Q

Foreign substance that induces such an immune response

A

Antigen

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5
Q

Enumerate the desirable consequences of immunity

A
  1. Natural resistance
  2. Recovery
  3. Acquired resistance to infectious diseases
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6
Q

Innate or adaptive

  • Host response to foreign agents that depends on T and B lymphocytes and is characterized by specificity, memory, and recognition of self
    versus non-self.
  • Response increases upon repeated exposure
A

Adaptive

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7
Q

Innate or adaptive

  • Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions
  • Response is constant
A

Innate

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8
Q

Effector cells of innate immunity

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Mast cell
Dendritic cell

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9
Q

Effector cells of the adaptive immunity

A

B cell
T cell

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10
Q

Specify which items below are effector substances of innate or adaptive immunity

  1. Granule, Acute phase reactants, Cytokines
  2. Antibodies, cytokines
A
  1. Innate
  2. Adaptive
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11
Q

Key features of Innate Immunity

  1. Accomplished by mechanical mechanisms, chemical mediators, cells, and the inflammatory response. And it standardized responses for all ages.
  2. The immune response is the same for all types of pathogens.
  3. Normally present body functions and is the primary line of defense (Present at birth).
  4. Can’t remember previous pathogens–the mechanism does not alter on repeated exposure to any specific antigen

A. Natural
B. Non-specific
C. Simple
D. No memory

A
  1. Simple (C)
  2. Non-specific (B)
  3. Natural (A)
  4. No memory (D)
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12
Q

Key features of Adaptive Immunity

  1. I.S. must “meet” or be primed by an initial exposure to a specific foreign substance–antigen (not present at birth). Also, it supplements the protection provided by innate immunity.
  2. It recognizes and targets particular pathogens
  3. First Exposure is not that effective; slow, takes time (unlike following exposure/s where the I.S. can counter the pathogen more efficiently)
  4. Diverse response for each age group
  5. Can remember pathogens and recalls previous antigens with memory

A. Acquired
B. Specific
C. Complex
D. Has memory

A
  1. Acquired
  2. Specific
  3. Acquired
  4. Complex
  5. Has memory
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13
Q

What are the two major mechanisms of the Immune System?

A

Primary response and Secondary response

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14
Q

Refers to:

● After exposure to an antigen, there is a latent period (LAG PHASE) of approximately 5 to 15 days before antibody appears in the serum.
● Slow and easily declines
● The antibody titer increases, plateaus, then decreases.
● IgM is the first immunoglobulin to appear.

A

The Primary Response

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15
Q

Lag phase of primary response

A

5 to 15 days

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16
Q

First immunoglobulin to appear in the primary response

A

IgM

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17
Q

Refers to:

  • there is a rapid antibody response, usually within 2 to 4 days after antigen exposure faster than the primary response
    ● IgG is the predominant immunoglobulin
A

The Secondary Response

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18
Q

Predominant immunoglobulin in the secondary response

A

IgG

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19
Q
  1. First line of defense
  2. Second line of defense
  3. Third line of defense

A. Non-specific
B. Specific

A

1 and 2. Non-specific (A)
3. Specific (B)

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20
Q
  1. Skin, mucous membranes, secretion of the skin
  2. Lymphocytes, antibodies, memory cells
  3. Phagocytic WBCs, antimicrobial protein, inflammatory response, fever

A. First line of defense
B. Second line of defense
C. Third line of defense

A
  1. First line
  2. Third line
  3. Second line
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21
Q

Components of innate immunity

  1. Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers
  2. Physiologic, peptide, cellular, inflammation, phagocytosis, Non-cellular components

A. Second-line/Internal defense
B. First line/External defense

A
  1. B
  2. A
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22
Q

Determinants of natural resistance

  1. Given pathogenic microorganism which is capable of producing disease in species but not in another one animal
  2. Whitin one animal species, they may be marked racial and genetic differences in susceptibility
  3. Differences are evident due to the presence of natural antibodies against certain microorganism

A. Racial immunity
B. Individual immunity
C. Specie immunity

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
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23
Q

Five cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Sirang plaka na question na to

Cardinal signs
■ Rubor (redness)
■ Calor (heat)
■ Dolor (pain)
■ Tumor (swelling)
■ Functio laesa (loss of function)

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24
Q

The ff are example of which part of the second line of defense

  1. Polynuclear Cells
    ■Neutrophils
    ■ Eosinophils
    ■ Basophils
  2. Mononuclear Phagocytes
    ■ Monocytes
    ■ Macrophage
    ■ Natural killer cell
A

Cellular factors

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25
Q

Enumerate the mononuclear phagocytes

A

Monocytes, Macrophage, NK cells

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26
Q

Enumerate the polynuclear cells

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basobhils

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27
Q

Refers to:

  • From the Greek word phagein, meaning “cell
    eating.”
  • The engulfment of cells or particulate matt
A

Phagocytosis

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28
Q

Who observed that foreign objects introduced into transparent starfish larvae?

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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29
Q

Refers to group of leukocytes whose cytoplasm is filled with granules with differing staining characteristics and whose nuclei are segmented or lobulated

A

Granulocytes/polynuclear cells

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30
Q

Granulocytes/polynuclear cells

  1. With granules that react with both acid and basic stains
  2. With granules containing basic proteins that stain with the acid stain (eosin)
  3. With granules that are acidic, stain basic stains like methylene blue

A. Basophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Neutrophils

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. A
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31
Q

Refers to:

● % IN THE BM: 7-30%
● % IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD: 50-70%
● SIZE: 9-12μm (10-15μm – Stevens)
● NUCLEUS: DARK PURPLE
● CYTOPLASM: LIGHT PINK TO BLUISH
● GRANULES contain: antimicrobial products such as myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, elastase, proteinase-3, cathepsin G, and defensins
● Half life: 6-8 hour

A

Neutrophil

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32
Q

Refers to:

● 50% marginating, 50% circulating pool
● often called segmented neutrophils, or “segs.”
● When stained with Wright stain
● Can undergo diapedesis and chemotaxins

A

Neutrophil

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33
Q

Refers to

  • Involved in nonspecific response by attachment to damaged epithelium, migration into tissues, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and digestion of target cells, increased metabolism, and degranulation.
  • Primary cause is BACTERIAL INFECTION
A

Neutrophil

34
Q

Neutrophil function

  1. Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign material and microorganisms
  2. Generation of NETs

A. Major Function
B. Secondary Function

35
Q

These are extracellular threadlike structures that are able to trap and kill G+ and G- bacteria as well as fungi; also generated at the time that neutrophils die as a result of antibacterial activity

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

36
Q

Granules PMNs

  1. Lysozyme, Lactoferrin, Collagenase, Gelatinase, NADPH oxidase
  2. Myeloperoxidase, Cathepsin G, Defensins,
    Elastase Proteinase-3, Lysozyme*
  3. Gelatinase, Collagenase, Lysozyme, Acetyltransferase

A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary

37
Q

Examples of PMN defects

A
  • Chronic Granulomatous Disease
  • Myeloperoxidase Deficiency (MPO deficiency)
38
Q

Match

  1. Oxidative burst; oxygen-dependent digestion
  2. Deficiency results to CGD
  3. Non-O2-dependent digestion
  4. All types of granules

A. NADPH Oxidase
B. MPO
C. Lysozyme
D. Cathepsin G & Defensins

39
Q

Refers to:

● % IN THE BM: 1-3%
● % IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD: 1-4%
● SIZE: 9-12μm (10-15 – Stevens)
● NUCLEUS: DARK PURPLE
● CYTOPLASM: pink to blue
● CONTENTS: many large, round, uniform reddish orange granules
● GRANULES contain: acid phosphatase, peroxidase, histamine, etc.
● contains catalase, lysozyme, cationic proteins

A

Eosinophil

40
Q

Content of eosinophil that causes mass degranulation

A

Major basic protein

41
Q

Common characteristic that MBP, eosinophil cationic protein, reactive oxygen species have

A

Antiparasitic

42
Q

Refers to:

  • clearing immune complexes, limiting inflammatory reactions, protein in granules are toxic to parasites.
  • capable of phagocytosis but are much less efficient than neutrophils because they are present in smaller numbers and they lack digestive enzymes
  • Its most important role is regulation of the immune response
A

Eosinophil

43
Q

Secretion of this causes mast cell degranulation and cytokine production

A

Major basic protein

44
Q

Cell associated with the ff clinical conditions

○ Protozoan infections
○ Hypereosinophilic syndrome
○ Allergic disorders
○ Dermatitis

A

Eosinophil

45
Q

Refers to:

● % IN THE BM: <1%
● % IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD: 0-2%
● SIZE: 9-12μm (10-15um – Stevens)
● GRANULES: dark blue-black granules

46
Q

Basophil granules

  1. Recruits eosinophils
  2. Mediate inflammation by vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction
  3. Causes the activation in the presence of an allergen, leading to degranulation

A. IgE antibading
B. Histamine
C. Eosinophilic chemotactic factor

47
Q

Refers to:

● Amplify the reactions that start with the mast cell at the site of entry of antigen.
● Their granules contain mediators (ex: Histamine and Heparin) that play a role in anaphylactic reactions.
● Subsequent binding of allergen to IgE-sensitized mast cells and basophils triggers degranulation with release of inflammatory mediators
● Regulate some Th cell
● Stimulate B cells in producing IgE

48
Q

Cell associated with the ff clinical conditions

● basophilic leukemia
● allergy and inflammation
● infection

49
Q

Refers to:

  • SIZE: 9-12μm
    ● NUCLEUS:
    ○ SHAPE: round
    ○ COLOR: dark purple
    ● CYTOPLASM COLOR: dark-blue
    ● CONTENTS: many dark blue granules
    ● Found in tissues; mediator of inflammation
A

Mast cells

50
Q

Refers to:

● Can degranulate when membrane-bound IgE binds an allergen or by nonimmunologic mechanisms such as surgical incisions, heat, and skin or mucous membrane infections.
● Act as immunologic “gatekeepers” because of their location in mucosal surfaces and their role in barrier function

A

Mast cells

51
Q

Which two characteristics are basophil and mast cells the same?

A

Mediator of inflammation
Release of histamine

52
Q

Refers to:

● Help during allergic reactions
● Enables the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to function
● increase vascular permeability and increase blood flow to the affected area

A

Masat cells

53
Q

Refers to:

● SIZE:14-20μm (STEVENS; 12-22μm) – average is 18 μm
● NUCLEUS:
> SHAPE: deeply indented, kidney-bean
> COLOR: light purple
● CYTOPLASM:
> COLOR: DULL, GRAY BLUE
● CONTENTS: fine, non-specific ground glass appearance with vacuoles
● GRANULES contain: peroxidase, arylsulfatase, and acid phosphatase

A

Mononuclear cells

54
Q

Refers to:

● Largest WBCs, constitutes 4-10% of circulating WBCs
● Nucleus, occupies almost ½ of the cell’s volume
● remain in blood for 30 hours and after that becomes macrophages in the tissues

A

Mononuclear cells

55
Q

Cell associated with the following functions:

● Phagocytosis
● microbial killing
● housekeeping functions (cellular debris)
● tumoricidal activity
● Antigen-presenting cells

A

Mononuclear cells

56
Q

Mononuclear granules

  1. Contain peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and arylsulfatase, indicating that these granules are similar to the lysosomes of neutrophils.
  2. Contain β-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lipase, but no alkaline phosphatase.

A. Second type
B. First type

57
Q

Refers to:

● Transition: enlargement between 25-80μm, increased endoplasmic reticulum , lysosomes and mitochondria.
● No peroxidase, release Nitric Oxide
● produces IL-1 and Il-6 during antigen processing
● characterized by surface receptors for C3b complement

A

Macrophage

58
Q

TOF: Macrophages has functions in both Innate and Adaptive Immunity

59
Q

Name the organ origin of the ff macrophages

  1. Kupffer cells
  2. Alveolar Macrophages or dust cells
  3. Mesangial Macrophage
  4. Microglial Cells
  5. Dendritic Cells
A
  1. Liver
  2. Lungs
  3. Kidney
  4. CNS
  5. Lymph nodes
60
Q

Name the organ origin of the ff macrophages

  1. Langerhans Cells
  2. Littoral Cell/Splenic Macrophage
  3. Osteoclast
  4. Histiocyte
  5. Hoff Bauer Cell
A
  1. Skin
  2. Spleen
  3. Bones
  4. Connective tissue
  5. Placenta
61
Q

Refers to:

● Most potent phagocytic cell and APC in the tissues.
● Covered with long membranous extensions that resemble nerve cell dendrites
● discovered by Steinman and Cohn in 1973
● Created through dendritic cell precursors that travel to lymphoid as well as nonlymphoid tissue
● Classified according to their tissue location

A

Dendritic cell

62
Q

Cell associated with the ff functions

  • To phagocytize antigen and present it to T helper cells
  • Most effective APC in the body
  • Most potent phagocytic cell
A

Dendritic cell

63
Q

Refers to:

  • They have the ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them
  • Can directly execute killing by recognition of viral or tumor antigen on the cell surface
    ● CONTAINS: perforins and granzyme
    ● 5 to 10 percent of the circulating lymphoid pool and are found mainly in the spleen and peripheral blood.
    ● First line of defense against tumor cells and cells infected by viruses.
64
Q

Antigen marker for NK cell which also aids cell-to-cell interaction

A

CD16 and CD56

65
Q

Refers to when NK cell recognizes the nonspecific end (Fc portion) of the antibody using CD 16; Fab binds to antigen and when it is activated, it releases perforins and granzymes

A

Antibody-Dependent Cytolosis (ADCC)

66
Q
  1. Perforates membrane
  2. Goes to the nucleus and induces apoptosis

A. Perforins
B. Granzymes

67
Q

Internal defense mechanism

  1. Receptors used by Macrophage, dendritic cells and also by other immune cells) to distinguish pathogens from normally present molecules in the body.
  2. Family of proteins that play a crucial role in the innate immune system. They recognize and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering an immune response.

A. Pattern recognition receptors
B. Toll-like receptors

68
Q

This is used by PRR to distinguish self from nonself substances; substances found in microorganisms

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

69
Q

Type of PPR that is more specific in recognizing microbial components and PAMPs

A

Tool-like receptor

70
Q

Identify what are the TLR of the ff (Choose between 1-5)

  1. Lipoprotein found in Mycobacteria
  2. Endosomal dsRNA
  3. Gram (-) lipopolysaccharide
  4. Gram (+) peptidoglycan & teichoic acid
  5. Flagellin
A
  1. TLR 1
  2. TLR 3
  3. TLR 4
  4. TLR 2
  5. TLR 5
71
Q

Identify what are the TLR of the ff (Choose between 6-10)

  1. Mycoplasma
  2. Viral SSRNA
  3. Unknown
  4. Bacterial, viral DNA, dsDNA
A
  1. TLR 6
  2. TLR 7-8
  3. TLR 10
  4. TLR 9
72
Q

Inflammation

  1. Neutrophils to migrate; monocytes/macrophages next to migrate
  2. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  3. Granuloma may be formed, typical of delayed hypersensitivity or cell-mediated-immunity

A. Vascular response
B. Cellular response
C. Fibroblast proliferation

73
Q

Vascular response

  1. Increases blood flow and brings phagocytes and other WBCs to the area
  2. Allows fibrinogen and complement to enter the tissue from the blood; swelling and pain

A. Increased vascular permeability
B. Vasodilation

74
Q

Stages of inflammation

A

Vascular Response
Cellular Response
Cellular Proliferation and Repair

75
Q

Steps o phagocytosis

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Engulfment
  4. Phagosome formation
  5. Fusion
    6 Digestion
76
Q

Steps in phagocytosis

  1. physical contact between the phagocytic cell and the microorganism occurs aided by opsonins.
  2. process in which cells tend to move in a certain direction under the stimulation of chemical substances;
  3. By active ameboid motion; final structure is known as vacuole or phagosome; bacteria must be hydrophobic than the phagocytes.
  4. A vacuole formed within a phagocytic cell as pseudopodia surrounds a particle during the process of phagocytosis.
  5. The structure formed by the fusion of cytoplasmic granules and a phagosome during the process of phagocytosis is known as the phagolysosome.
  6. Minute cell particles that contain certain hydrolytic enzymes and peroxides approach the phagosome, fuse with it, rupture, and discharge content into it.

A. Chemotaxis
B. Adherence
C. Engulfment
D. Phagosome formation
E. Fusion
F. Digestion

A
  1. Adherence (B)
  2. Chemotaxis (A)
  3. Engulfment (C)
  4. Phagosome formation (D)
  5. Fusion (E)
    6.Digestion (F)
77
Q

Killing and digestion, indentify if oxygen dependent or oxygen independent

  1. A process known as Oxidative or Respiratory burst NADPH oxidase is activated generating superoxide.; = H2O2 and hypochlorite are produced in the process.
  2. The pH within the phagosome becomes alkaline and then neutral, the pH at which digestive enzymes work.
  3. Primary and secondary lysosomes (granules) fuse to the phagosome and empty hydrolytic enzymes and other bactericidal molecules into the phagosome.
A
  1. Oxygen dependent
  2. Oxygen independent
  3. Oxygen independent
78
Q

Definition of terms under innate immunity (no choices ;P)

  1. Bind to the WBC to promote them to roll
    around the BV walls
  2. Enable WBC to undergo diapedesis
  3. Highly toxic but can be rapidly converted to even more lethal products
  4. Important bactericidal agent is more stable than any of the free radicals.
  5. Is a powerful oxidizing agent and is highly toxic for microorganisms. It is the main component of household bleach used to
    disinfect surfaces
A
  1. Selectins
  2. Integrin
  3. Superoxide
  4. Hydrogen peroxide
  5. Hypochlorite
79
Q

Definition of terms under innate immunity (no choices ;P)

  1. Produces superoxide and derived ROS influence phagosome acidification, fusion with lysosomes, and digestion of microorganisms.
  2. A vacuole formed within a phagocytic cell as pseudopodia surrounds a particle during the process of phagocytosis.
  3. The structure formed by the fusion of cytoplasmic granules and a phagosome during the process of phagocytosis.
  4. The migration of cells in the direction of a
    chemical messenger.
  5. WBCs away from the chemotactic signals
A
  1. NADPH oxidase
  2. Phagosome
  3. Phagolysosome
  4. Chemotaxis
  5. Negative chemotaxis
80
Q

Definition of terms under innate immunity (no choices ;P)

  1. Serum proteins that attach to a foreign
    substance and enhance phagocytosis.
  2. physical contact between immunocytes and microorganisms
  3. active ameboid motion; formation of
    phagosome
  4. The process by which cells are capable of moving from the circulating blood to the tissues by squeezing through the wall of a blood vessel.
A
  1. Opsonins
  2. Adherence
  3. Engulfment
  4. DIapedesis
81
Q

Refers to:

  • Proteins produced by the liver in response to inflammation, infection, or tissue damage.
    ● These are normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at least 25% due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.
    ● They are produced primarily by hepatocytes within 12 to 24 hours in response to an increase in certain intercellular signaling polypeptides called cytokines
A

Acute phase reactant

82
Q

Review the APR table nalang pls

Immunoserology (12 decks)

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