learning theory, health beliefs and behaviour + social psychology Flashcards
What are the 4 stages of the memory process
Registration
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What are the different types of long term memory
Non-declarative - knowledge of how to interact with object without thinking
Declarative - store of knowledge
What are the different types of declarative memory
Episodic - related to personal experience
Semantic - facts
Working - short term
Left vs right hemisphere
Left = verbal info Right = non-V
What is broca’s area
important for producing speech
In left frontal lobe
Features of broca’s aphasia
non-fluent speech, impaired repetition, intact comprehension, poor speech
What is wernicke’s area
Understanding language
in posterior tempero-parietal area
Features of wernicke’s aphasia
fluent, meaningless speech, substitute words with similar meaning/sound
What is the focus of palliative care
More focus on improving quality of life rather than extending it
choice/control from patient is paramount
adress medical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects
What is the dual process model of bereavement
people move between loss-orientated and restoration orientated actions
What are the parts of COM-B
capability, obedience, motivation, behaviour
Give 3 behaviour change techniques
self-monitoring
motivational interviewing
incentives
What is adherence
extent to which patients follow through with decisions about medicine takings
What is concordance
extent to which patients are successfully supported in decisions and adherence
What are gestalts 4 laws
Continuity - eye compelled to move through one objects and continue to another
Similarity - group similar objects together
Proximity - group close objects together
Closure - group things together if they are seen to complete an entity
What is apperceptive agnosia
Failure to integrate the percetual elements of a stimulus
Can perceive indiv elements but not a whole
Due to damage to lower level occipital regions
What is associative agnosia
failure of retrieval of sematic info
Can perceive shape, colour etc but cannot recognise
damage to higher level occipital regions
habituation vs sensitisation
hab = dec in strength of response to repeated stimuli Sensitisation = inc
What is thorndykes law of effect
response followed by satisfying response will be more likely to occur
What is the effect of education of education on behaviour
effective for discrete behaviour but not for complex (on its own)
What is the expectation value principle
for an individual to maintain/implement a behaviour for their help they need to have a high level of expectancy that the behaviour will lead to a certain outcome and need to value that outcome
give 3 ways of resolving dissonance
change behaviour
acquire new info
reduce importance of cognitions
What is group polarisation
tendency for people to make more extreme decision when they are in a group as opposed to when they are alone
representative heuristics
subjective probability that a stimulus belongs to a particular class based on how ‘typical’ of that class that it appears to be
availability heuristics
probabilities are estimated on how easily/vividly they can be called to mind. People tend to overestimate probability of dramatic events and heavily weight judgements towards more recent information
Terminology of classical conditioning (UCS, CS, UCR ,CR)
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) – elicits reflexive or innate response without prior learning
- Conditioned stimulus (CS)– a stimulus that comes to elicit a coordinated response similar to UCS
- Unconditioned response (UCR)/conditioned response (CR)
When is classical conditioning strongest
Repeated CS-UCS pairings
UCS is more intense
Short time interval between CS and UCS
What is stimulus generalisation
the tendency to respond to stimulus that are similar but not identical
What is stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
What is operant conditioning
learning one things leads to annnother
reinforcement vs punishment
Positive reinforcement - occurs when a response is strengthened by subsequent presentation of a reinforcer
Neg – occurs when response is strengthened by removal of adverse stimuli
Positive punishment – response weakened by presentation of stimulus
Neg punishment
difference between continuous and partial reinforcement
- Continuous reinforcement produces more rapid learning that partial reinforcement but continuously reinforced responses are extinguished more rapidly than partially reinforced ones (ie gambling)
Classical conditioning experiment
Pavlov’s dogs
A bell was rung, which initially produced no response in the dogs
The bell was then rung before feeding the dogs so the bell was associated with food (unconditioned stimulus), to condition the dog to the bell
After conditioning, the dogs salivated in the presence of the tone (conditioned stimulus), but in the absence of food (unconditioned stimulus)
Conditioning experiment
Little Albert - Watson & Raynor
Baby presented with fluffy rat
Then when rat was presented a loud noise (UCS) would be made
After conditioning the babe cried in the presence of the rat (CS) but in the absence of the loud noise
Observational learning experiment
Bandura - Bobo doll
Children watch adults aggressively beat up doll
Children then copied and beat up doll themselves
What is health behaviour
Any activity undertaking by individual believing themselves to be healthy, for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting it at an asymptomatic stage
What is the expectation value principle
for an individual to maintain/implement a behaviour for their help they need to have a high level of expectancy that the behaviour will lead to a certain outcome and need to value that outcome
What is self efficacy
= belief that one can execute the behaviour required to produce the outcome
Sources of self-efficacy
Mastery experience, social learning, verbal persuasion/encouragement, physiological arousal
What is outcome efficacy
individuals’ expectation that the behaviour will lead to a particular outcome
What are the stages of the transtheoretical model
Precontemplation Contemplation Determination Action Relapse Maintenance (can enter/exit at any stage)
What are the factors in the theory of planned behaviour
outcome belief/evaluation -> attitude towards behaviour
Belief about importance of others attitudes -> subjective norm
internal/external control factors -> perceived behavioural control
Conformity influencing factors
Group size, presence of a dissenter, culture
Obedience influencing factors
Remoteness of victim, closeness/legitimacy of authority figure, diffusion of responsibility
What is group think
tendency of group members to suspect critical thinking because they are striving to seek arrangement
What are the influencing factors for social loafing
More likely to occur when:
1. The person believes that individual performance is not
being monitored
2. The task (goal) or the group has less value or meaning to
the person
3. The person generally displays low motivation
to strive for
success
4. The person expects that other group
members will
display high effort
Depends on gender and culture
Occurs more strongly in all
male groups
Occurs more often in individualistic culture
What factors influence influence group think
More likely to occur when group:
- is under high stress to reach decision
- insulated from outside input
- has directive leader
- high cohesiveness
What are the stages of the bystander effect
- Notice the event
- Decide if the event is really an emergency- Social comparison:
look to see how others are responding - Assuming responsibility to intervene -Diffusion of Responsibility:
believing that someone else will help - Self-efficacy in dealing with the situation
- Decision to help (based on cost-benefit analysis)
How do you overcome the bystander effect
Reduce restraints on helping (reduce ambiguity + increase responsibility, enhance guilt)
Social altruism (teach moral inclusion, model helpful behaviour, education)
Bystander effect study
Darley & Latane (1968) - Study on the Bystander Effect
o Participants were invited into the lab under the pretext that they
were taking part in a discussion about ‘personal problems’ over
radio
o Then one student in the adjacent room had a ‘seizure’
o When the participants were by themselves, the majority of
subjects helped
o But when the subjects were in a group of 4, only around 30%
helped
o When in groups of more than 4, almost no one helped
What are the 3 styles of leadership
Autocratic/authoritarian
Parcipative/democratic
Laissez-faire
Conformity study
Asch
Vision test asked which line was longest
Actors all chose wrong answer
majority of subjects onformed
Obedience study
Milgram
1 learner and 1 teacher
Actor in electric chair and given shocks by learner when got q wrong
Participants still gave shocks at seemingly lethal levels
