learning theory, health beliefs and behaviour + social psychology Flashcards

Question

availability heuristics

Answer 1

probabilities are estimated on how easily/vividly they can be called to mind. People tend to overestimate probability of dramatic events and heavily weight judgements towards more recent information

Answer 2

- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) – elicits reflexive or innate response without prior learning - Conditioned stimulus (CS)– a stimulus that comes to elicit a coordinated response similar to UCS - Unconditioned response (UCR)/conditioned response (CR)

Answer 3

Repeated CS-UCS pairings UCS is more intense Short time interval between CS and UCS

Answer 4

the tendency to respond to stimulus that are similar but not identical

Answer 5

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Answer 6

learning one things leads to annnother

Answer 7

Positive reinforcement - occurs when a response is strengthened by subsequent presentation of a reinforcer Neg – occurs when response is strengthened by removal of adverse stimuli Positive punishment – response weakened by presentation of stimulus Neg punishment

Answer 8

- Continuous reinforcement produces more rapid learning that partial reinforcement but continuously reinforced responses are extinguished more rapidly than partially reinforced ones (ie gambling)

Answer 9

Pavlov's dogs A bell was rung, which initially produced no response in the dogs The bell was then rung before feeding the dogs so the bell was associated with food (unconditioned stimulus), to condition the dog to the bell After conditioning, the dogs salivated in the presence of the tone (conditioned stimulus), but in the absence of food (unconditioned stimulus)

Answer 10

Little Albert - Watson & Raynor Baby presented with fluffy rat Then when rat was presented a loud noise (UCS) would be made After conditioning the babe cried in the presence of the rat (CS) but in the absence of the loud noise

Answer 11

Bandura - Bobo doll Children watch adults aggressively beat up doll Children then copied and beat up doll themselves

Answer 12

Any activity undertaking by individual believing themselves to be healthy, for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting it at an asymptomatic stage

Answer 13

for an individual to maintain/implement a behaviour for their help they need to have a high level of expectancy that the behaviour will lead to a certain outcome and need to value that outcome

Answer 14

= belief that one can execute the behaviour required to produce the outcome

Answer 15

Mastery experience, social learning, verbal persuasion/encouragement, physiological arousal

Answer 16

individuals’ expectation that the behaviour will lead to a particular outcome

Answer 17

``` Precontemplation Contemplation Determination Action Relapse Maintenance (can enter/exit at any stage) ```

Answer 18

outcome belief/evaluation -> attitude towards behaviour Belief about importance of others attitudes -> subjective norm internal/external control factors -> perceived behavioural control

Answer 19

Group size, presence of a dissenter, culture

Answer 20

Remoteness of victim, closeness/legitimacy of authority figure, diffusion of responsibility

Answer 21

tendency of group members to suspect critical thinking because they are striving to seek arrangement

Answer 22

More likely to occur when: 1. The person believes that individual performance is not being monitored 2. The task (goal) or the group has less value or meaning to the person 3. The person generally displays low motivation to strive for success 4. The person expects that other group members will display high effort Depends on gender and culture Occurs more strongly in all male groups Occurs more often in individualistic culture

Answer 23

More likely to occur when group: - is under high stress to reach decision - insulated from outside input - has directive leader - high cohesiveness

Answer 24

1. Notice the event 2. Decide if the event is really an emergency- Social comparison: look to see how others are responding 3. Assuming responsibility to intervene -Diffusion of Responsibility: believing that someone else will help 4. Self-efficacy in dealing with the situation 5. Decision to help (based on cost-benefit analysis)

Answer 25

Reduce restraints on helping (reduce ambiguity + increase responsibility, enhance guilt) Social altruism (teach moral inclusion, model helpful behaviour, education)

Answer 26

Darley & Latane (1968) - Study on the Bystander Effect o Participants were invited into the lab under the pretext that they were taking part in a discussion about ‘personal problems’ over radio o Then one student in the adjacent room had a ‘seizure’ o When the participants were by themselves, the majority of subjects helped o But when the subjects were in a group of 4, only around 30% helped o When in groups of more than 4, almost no one helped

Answer 27

Autocratic/authoritarian Parcipative/democratic Laissez-faire

Answer 28

Asch Vision test asked which line was longest Actors all chose wrong answer majority of subjects onformed

Answer 29

Milgram 1 learner and 1 teacher Actor in electric chair and given shocks by learner when got q wrong Participants still gave shocks at seemingly lethal levels