Learning theories and Memory Flashcards
Work, according to Eze (2004) is ——– and essential part of life.
central
Define work?
Work can be defined as any mental or physical activity with the primary goal of providing for one’s family
Define a person’s attitude ?
A person’s attitude can be defined as their general way of thinking about and responding to social situations and the people in them.
Work involves the use of hands, equipments, machines, ——to transform raw materials to products that meets human needs.
technology
Scientistic management, sometimes known as “———–
‘Taylorism”
Key Principles of Job Simplification
Aims at minimising the need for specialised training
Focuses on maximising the authority of upper management
Strives for reducing how long something usually takes to do
Driven by economic considerations, where using unskilled or semi-skilled workers is cheaper
.
Economic Rationale Behind Job Simplification
The price of using unskilled or semi-skilled workers is lower than using fully trained professionals
Their output can be comparable or improved if work is completed rapidly
.
Potential Negative Consequences of Simplified Job Structures
Occupations structured with a focus on simplification can carry heavy monetary and personal tolls
Taylor’s Observations and Conclusions as a Foreman
Observed that workers routinely fell short of his expectations
Concluded that the only way to prevent this was to gather data on job activities in a methodical (“scientific”) fashion
Believed this approach required a lack of freedom and responsibility on the part of employees
.
Taylor’s Methods for Improving Worker Output
Gathering data on the activities involved in the job in a methodical (or “scientific”) fashion
Reducing complexity wherever possible
Outlining typical work processes and estimated completion times
Applying monetary incentives (and only monetary incentives)
Define attitude?
Attitude can be defined as an enduring organisation of motivational, emotional, perceptual and cognitive processes with respect to some aspect of the environment.
Two Most Important Attitudes Determining Employee Actions
Job satisfaction
Organisational commitment
Definition of Job Satisfaction
How people feel about their work
Arguably the most crucial attitude to have
Happy employees have a positive outlook on their work, while unhappy ones do not
.
——– is arguably the most crucial attitude to have
Job Satisfaction
Work involves the deliberate use of physical, emotional and mental energy to produce ———
utilities
Attitude as shown below has three components;namely
cognitive, emotional(affective) and behavioural and serve several functions.
Two Primary Reasons Why People Work (Traditional View)
*
As a means of earning a living to afford basic needs
As an opportunity for using basic human talents (physical, intellectual, emotional)
. Without work, these talents may go unused.
Cognitive Component of Attitude refers
This refers to thoughts, belief, opinions, and knowledge or information held by the person concerning others, objects or ideas.
Affective Component of Attitude
This involves emotional feelings about people, places and objects to which statements like „I do not like can apply and can lead to behavioural outcomes
Behavioural Component of Attitude
This component refers to action tendencies and intentions to behave in a certain way towards someone or something.
Factors Moderating a Worker’s Attitude
A worker’s attitude is typically moderated by economic, social, emotional and physical conditions of work
Their knowledge, skill, feelings and behaviour influence their work orientation and productivity
.
Functions of Attitude (Katz, 1960)
Knowledge functions: Attitudes organize our beliefs about objects or activities
.
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Value expressive functions: Attitudes can be a reflection of self-concept or expression of individual central values
.
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Utilitarian functions: We tend to be favourably disposed towards rewarding goods and services
.
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Ego-defensive functions: Attitudes can be formed and used in the defence of the ego and self-image
.
————— is the vehicle through which attitude change is transmitted
Persuasive communication
Key Factors in Persuasive Communication for Attitude Change
Communicator or source of message
.
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The message
.
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The channel (in writing, verbally, visually)
.
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The context (cultural, civic, social, religious setting)
.
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The audience
.
Characteristics of the Source of a Message that Aid Persuasion
Expertise: People are better persuaded by experts
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Attractiveness: Likable or similar communicators can be more persuasive
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Credibility: A credible source makes it easier to influence behaviour
.
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Trustworthiness: The honesty and believability of the message and communicator matter
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Fast speaking: Generally viewed as more persuasive than slow speaking
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Body language: Eye contact can establish credibility
Why is Attitude Important? (According to Allport)
Attitude is viewed as Social Psychology’s most indispensable concept because it defines our identity, guides our actions and influences how we judge people and situations
.
Attitude has been shown to be;
i) Stable over time,
(ii) Held with a high degree of certainty,
(iii) Consistent with the person affect (emotional reaction) toward a behaviour,
(iv) Formed as a result of direct experience,
(v) Easily remembered and
(vi) Capable of change.
——— also known as “human factors” or “Engineering Psychology” or “Human Factor
Ergonomics
Define Ergonomics
It is the study of how people interact with various parts of a system and the profession that applies this knowledge to product developmen
Role of an Ergonomist in Computer-Based Workplaces
An ergonomist’s job is to “find the source of a problem” in computer-based workplaces
They “analyse” the problem and then “recommend fixes in the form of design changes”
.
The principal function of human factors and ergonomics is to “———————” of workplace design
aid in the creative process
The “time-motion study of ———– and the————-were precursor to the understanding of the need to adapt machine to human attributes as opposed to the other way round
Fredrick Taylor and the Gilbereths
Despite dramatic changes in new-age technology and the world of work, the basic features of machines remain: “input,——- and the output and feedback systems”.
processing
List the factors for consideration in display design
- Natural Format
- Precision of response
- Operator view technique
- Use of simple concept.
What are the five advantages of ergonomics
- Costs can be reduced by ergonomics.
- Productivity is increased through ergonomics….
- Quality is improved by ergonomics.
- Employee engagement is increased by ergonomics….
- Better safety cultures are fostered via ergonomics.
Definition of Conflict
Conflicts are generally defined as relational disputes between two or more parties
Conflict is ——– in organisational life”
inevitable
Three Main Types of Conflict in the Workplace
Relationship Conflict; Value Conflict; and Interest Conflict.
Relationship and value conflicts are the most subjective conflict types, because they are ———————————————
based totally on what someone “feels” about a person or situation
———- Conflict arises when two people or groups have dissenting views on moral values - that basic understanding of what is naturally right or wrong
Value
———— Conflict is a personal perspective that can arise from negative behavior or skewed perceptions like stereotypes and rumors
Relationship
———– Conflict arises when one person‘s desired outcome is in conflict with another person or group‘s interests.
Interest
when one person believes that another person’s desires, if enacted, will prevent his or her own interests from being met——arises
Conflict
———–conflict will occur when A worker ignoring a bribe opportunity contrasting with materialistic coworkers.
Interpersonal Value Conflict
Two Main Categories of Conflict Sources
Internal sources and External sources
