Conflict and Collective Bargaining Flashcards
Two Main Ways Conflicts Can Be Resolved
The conflicts can be resolving in two ways: Internal methods of conflicts resolution and External methods of conflicts resolution.
Rather than making impartial decisions about fairness, we interpret what would be most fair to us and then use that interpretation to defend our ———–
preferences
We have a —i—–for being overconfident in our own judgements, which in turn causes us to have irrational ——–
i propensity
ii expectations.
When parties avoid dealing with their intense emotions, the ———often escalates and the demand for conflict resolution grows.
dispute
Four Viable Options for Settling Disputes
Negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and lawsui
In order to reach a satisfactory resolution, it is important to get to the bottom of each party’s stance by——– for their underlying motivations, such as the desire to avoid bad press and restore a commercial relationship that has been
probing
It’s also important to have a plan B if negotiations fail, such as a new partner to work with or ——— to take
legal action
An amicable resolution to your disagreement may be reached through in-house negotiations if you and the other party are ——————
willing to put in the time and effort to consider alternative solutions and make compromises across problems.
A ——– is an impartial third person who is trained to help parties in conflict reach an agreement
mediator
Expert mediators don’t force parties to settle their differences, but rather help them ————————————-
-identify and articulate the motivations that drive their perspectives
The goal of mediation is to assist the parties in reaching
a mutually agreeable, non-binding, and long-term agreement
A/AN ————is a neutral third party that acts as a judge and renders binding rulings in arbitration.
Negotiation and ———– are two examples of less formal, less expensive conflict resolution processes that should be explored before more intensive processes like arbitration or litigation are initiated.
mediation
You can improve your capacity to negotiate fair solutions to conflicts by—————-
taking a course in conflict
Trade unions’ primary purpose has historically been —————
collective bargaining.
A collective agreement that governs terms and conditions of employment is the result of a process in which employers and organised groups of employees seek to —————————
balance their opposing goals through mutual accommodation.
Two Important Elements of Collective Bargaining
rule making and power relationship.
Why Theory is Essential to Support a Position in Negotiation
: It’s essential because to the fact that it can predict the future and provide extremely powerful explanations for existing phenomena.
Two Basic Types of Collective Bargaining
integrative and distributive bargaining
Definition of Integrative Bargaining
This is a problem solving approach in which interested parties confront the issues and cooperate to identify the problem, generate and weigh alternatives solutions.
————- approach is capable of producing long lasting solution especially when conflict is not rooted in opposing value systems.
Integrative Bargaining
Focus of Distributive Bargaining
The issues involve are divergent mostly involving wage rates, holidays, overtime, bonus and other fringe benefits. It is mostly about sharing the industrial „pie‟
Definition of Concession Bargaining
Workers/union and management are concerned with keeping the organisation going. In an economy characterised with recession, focus is on staying afloat for management while worker is concerned with keeping their jobs.
One could see that conflict though a part of organisational life can be anticipated and managed using both internal and——–mechanisms.
external
Recently the Alternative Dispute Resolution is gaining in popularity because ————————————–
it is less legalistic, cheaper, less time consuming and could achieve effective resolution of disputes if parties go into it in good faith
Negotiation and bargaining are terms often used ————–
synonymously.
Agreement means ———————-
concurrence of opinion between the parties.
Define negotiation as a means of conflict resolution.
As a means of conflict resolution, negotiation is a common practice and a way to avoid conflict and reach a consensus instead.
What are the keys to a successful negotiation outcome?
The keys to a successful outcome are fairness, finding mutual benefit, and maintaining a relationship
Are generalized negotiating skills teachable?
Yes, generalized skills in negotiating can be taught and used in many contexts
According to Eze (2004), negotiation types include:
Win-Lose, Lose-Lose, No deal, Compromise, and Win-win.
Describe a Win-Lose negotiation.
One dominant party gets his way while the other party doesn’t.
Describe a Lose-Lose negotiation.
Neither of the negotiating parties achieve set goals and objectives.
Describe the “No deal” negotiation type.
Both parties disagree on all issues
Describe a Compromise negotiation.
Some of the objectives are met by deliberate attempts by both parties to stem down on some of the demands.
Describe a Win-win negotiation.
Popular with distributive bargaining during which both parties means of mutually satisfying each other demands through effective negotiation and tradeoffs that ensure that the parties leave far better than they came
The first stage involved in a negotiation is———–
Preparation
The second stage of negotiation is——–
Discussion
What is crucial during the Discussion stage of negotiation?
At this point in the process, your ability to ask questions, listen, and clarify is crucial
What error is easy to make during the Discussion stage?
When there is a difference of opinion, it is easy to make the error of talking too much and listening too little
What is the third stage of negotiation?
The third stage of negotiation is Clarification of goals
In order to obtain a mutually advantageous agreement during negotiations, it is crucial to eliminate any ——– or room for misinterpretation.
ambiguity
What is the fourth stage of negotiation?
The fourth stage of negotiation is Negotiate towards a Win-Win outcome.
What is the fifth stage of negotiation?
The fifth stage of negotiation is Agreement
To find a workable solution, it’s crucial that all parties involved maintain an ————
open mind
What is the sixth stage of negotiation?
The sixth stage of negotiation is Implementation of a course of action.
If talks fail and a compromise cannot be achieved, it will be necessary————–
to set a new date for another meeting
What are the three critical factors that can influence the outcome of any negotiation?
Attitudes, Knowledge, and Social Abilities.
A ———– may be an insider or outsider (hired expert) who has requisite experience on the subject matters that constitutes the dispute issues
negotiator
List some important attributes of a negotiator.
Some important attributes are: Positive attitude, Ability to negotiate in good faith, Good memory for facts, names and events, Clear understanding of dispute issues, Ability to solve problems creatively, Ability to communicate clearly and convincingly, Persuasive and well-mannered, Have general and emotional intelligence, Perceptive and intuitive etc.
What are essential communication skills for negotiation?
Essential communication skills include identifying nonverbal cues and using verbal skills to express yourself in an engaging way
How does clear communication help in negotiation?
By establishing clear communication, you can avoid misunderstandings that could prevent you from reaching a compromise.
Why is effective communication a must when people are working together?
Effective communication is a must when people are working together because it facilitates discussions about tasks, their interrelationships, and the circumstances necessitating change.
What are some fundamentals needed for employees to host concerns respectfully and thoughtfully?
Some fundamentals needed include having the ability to convey your thoughts and ideas to others
A fundamental aspect of communication is the —– to interact and talk with others.
desire
Active Listening skill in the context of negotiation.
Active Listening skills are crucial for understanding another’s opinion in negotiation. Unlike passive listening (hearing without retaining), active listening ensures you’re able to engage and later recall specific details without needing information repeated.
Define Emotional intelligence.
Emotional intelligence is the ability to control your own emotions and recognize others’ feelings
What should you do if you’re unsatisfied with the current negotiation?
If you’re unsatisfied, express the need for a break so both parties can return later with refreshed perspectives.
Define Expectation management in negotiation.
Expectation management involves maintaining a balance between being a firm negotiator and a collaborative one when adjusting expectations if you believe you might not agree to each other’s terms.
Adaptability ———— is a vital skill for a successful negotiation.
Patience
Why is persuasion an important skill in negotiation?
The ability to influence others can help you define why your proposed solution is beneficial and encourage support for your view.
Define Assertiveness in negotiation.
Assertiveness allows you to express your opinions while respecting the other side’s perspectives
: Why is integrity essential for negotiations?
Integrity, or having strong ethical and moral principles, is essential for building trust with the other side through thoughtfulness, respect, and honesty.
How can a negotiator demonstrate trustworthiness?
A negotiator can demonstrate trustworthiness by being able to follow through on commitments and avoid over-promising.
Define “reflection of feelings.”
“Reflection of feelings” means a reflection or a mirroring of emotions
: What is the first role of reflecting feelings?
The first role of reflecting is that speakers notice that their feelings are being recognised, acknowledged, and appreciated.
Feelings are generally communicated in nonverbal ways, for example, via the ———
speed of talking, tone of voice, body position, or by blushing and looking away
What should you do when complex or highly charged emotions arise?
When such emotions arise, it’s crucial to treat them with care.
What is necessary to use the skill of reflecting feelings effectively?
To use this skill effectively, you must be on the same mental frequency as the person you are interacting with.
What does competent capability entail in the context of reflecting feelings?
Competent capability is the ability to put this expertise to use and is crucial in extremely emotive situations
Define “career
a career is one’s particular area of work within a series of jobs.
How does Fajana (2002) define a career?
Fajana (2002) defines a career as the pattern or sequence of work roles of an individual
: Define “development
Development is a dynamic construct implying gradual growth, or increase or advancement.
Mental health professionals should care about how people act at work because————–
work has a connection with other responsibilities and can significantly impact a person’s standard of living
Define “career development”
Career development is situated within an organizational environment, where it involves levels of employees who are individually responsible for growth or development of their career
How do organizations influence career development?
Organizations formulate career development policies which determine how talents are sourced, utilized, upgraded, and discarded.
What are the three important issues in the earlier definition of self, according to psychologists?
- That the self is a social being, 2. Self as a symbol using agent, 3. Self-awareness.
———— provides knowledge about one’s own behaviour and encourages the use of insight from inner experiences to anticipate how others might behave, offering an advantage in various activities. The self exists relative to others.
Self-awareness
How does effective career development benefit employees?
: Effective career development has been said to improve employee satisfaction and self-esteem, minimizes stress, and strengthens employees’ psychological and physical health.
: List the three important issues in self-identity
The three important issues are: a. That the self is a social being, b. Self as a symbol using agent, c. Self-awareness.
According to Schein (1978), what informs an individual’s career choice?
- Motivation, 2. Self-perceived talents and abilities, 3. Self-perceived motive and needs, 4. Self-perceived attitudes and values, 5. Technical/functional competence, 6. Management competence, 7. Security and stability, 8. Creativity, 9. Autonomy and independence, 10. Need for power, influence and control
Name two scholars mentioned in the source who proposed career stage models and the number of stages they proposed.
The two scholars mentioned are Schein, who proposed nine stages, and Greenhaus and Callaman, who proposed a five-stage cycle.
What are the four phases that counselors can evaluate using the Adult Career Concerns Inventory?
Counselors can evaluate the exploration, setup, maintenance, and disengagement phases using the Adult Career Concerns Inventory.
Typically, a career progresses in a ———–fashion with each stage accounting for some combinations of ages and typical activities that produce a “grand ‘story’ of one’s professional growth”.
linear
What does a child’s earliest concept of self in response to “Who am I?” depict?
A child’s earliest concept of self depicts one’s own virtues, vices, hobbies, values, aptitudes, abilities, characteristics, and features of one’s character. The child’s public identity is embedded in this self-concept.
According to Savickas & Super (1993), what tasks must children (and adults) complete at various developmental stages?
According to Savickas & Super (1993), tasks include concern for the future, mastery of a capacity for deliberation, a commitment to success, and a command of effective work practices and attitudes.
What skills do children need to develop to build a workable future
Children need to develop their creativity, independence, and problem-solving skills
———plays a vital role in understanding the relative importance of one’s work and other tasks, or of these roles in one’s life, and the significance of doing so
Imagination
What age range is primarily associated with the “Exploration” stage of career development?
Adolescents and young adults (those between the ages of 14 and 24) are the primary focus of the exploration stage.
What is the focus of the “Exploration” stage?
The focus of the “Exploration” stage is on clarifying, defining, and enacting the perception of oneself in relation to one’s work.
Define “crystallisation” in the context of career exploration.
In the context of a career, crystallisation entails the formation of a firm and consistent image of one’s own ideal job role, in accordance with one’s values and fields of work and skill levels.
What can teenagers and emerging adults learn through experiences during the exploration phase?
: The teenager and emerging adult can learn a lot about themselves and potential careers through experiences gained through part-time work, courses, and extracurriculars
What is required to navigate the investigation phase successfully?
Finding one’s way through the investigation phase requires studying and learning about the framework and possibilities of the labour market, developing an early professional identity, and making a wide range of career explorations.
What is the primary goal of the “Establishment” stage, and what is its typical age range?
Regularly spanning the years 25–44, the primary goal of the “Establishment” stage is creating a firm foundation for one’s professional identity and professional trajectory
What does the process of stabilization entail during the establishment stage?
The process of stabilization includes achieving success in a new job and keeping it by demonstrating competence and adaptation to the workplace.
What is the primary focus during the “Maintenance” stage, and what is its typical age range?
Between the ages of 45 and 65, the upkeep (maintenance) focuses on developing a positive image of one’s self in the workplace as its primary objective
What are some “styles” or “strategies” that characterize the maintenance stage?
Some “styles” or “strategies” include a method of holding on to a secured position through continuing job competence and updating one’s knowledge and abilities for better performance or coming up with novel approaches to existing tasks
What is the final stage of professional development’s grand narrative, and in what life stage does it occur?
Disengagement is the final stage, occurring in late adulthood, especially for the veteran worker over the age of 65.
What characterizes the “Disengagement” stage in terms of focus?
Disengagement involves shifting the emphasis from creating, forming, and maintaining one’s own role self-concept development and implementation beyond the workplace to include personal, social, and leisure
What are some work-related aspects that may slow down during the disengagement stage?
Work-related aspects that may slow down include tasks, levels of output, and retirement savings planning and budgeting.
Workers participate in bridge employment when ——————–
they take on employment (whether part-time, self-employed, or temporary) to maintain their physical and mental health and their financial stability after leaving full-time employment
After retiring, people might take part in what are called “———–careers,”
encore
what are the age ranges associated with “Entry into the world of work” and “Basic training”?
Entry into the world of work” and “Basic training” are associated with the age range of 16-25
What age range is associated with “Full membership in early career”?
“Full membership in early career” is associated with the age range of 17-30
What are the age ranges associated with “Full membership in mid-career” and “Mid-career crises”?
“Full membership in mid-career” is associated with the age range of 25 plus, and “Mid-career crises” is associated with 40 plus.
What age range is associated with “Late career” and “Decline and disengagement”?
Both “Late career” and “Decline and disengagement” are associated with the age range of 40 plus
What are the two main categories of career plans mentioned
The two main categories are short-term plans (focus on the immediate) and long-term plans (focus on future)
Describe the characteristics of short-term career plans.
, no deliberate effort is made to process skills through the organization’s growth machinery.
: Describe the characteristics of long-term career plans.
: Long-term career plans involve a highly structured career management system to train, motivate, and promote high performers.
The basis for career choice and planning is an understanding of ——– abilities upon which adequate cultivation and training can be built for successful work experiences.
natural
Name some of the bases for assessment and career planning mentioned in the source.
Some bases include: physiological, cognitive, emotional, behavioural, socio/economic, past history, personality, and needs
————- ability is considered perhaps a more important ability in career choice
Cognitive or intellectual
