Learning theories Flashcards
What is operant conditioning?
Manipulating behaviour to shape the correct response through the use of reinforcement, trial and error, use of rewards to encourage learning and strengthening stimulus-response bonds
What is positive reinforcement?
A stimulus is given when the desired response occurs to make a performer repeat the same correct response
Example of positive reinforcement
A coach giving a sweet to the tennis player after his serve lands correctly
What is negative reinforcement?
An unpleasant stimulus is withdrawn when the desired response occurs
Example of negative reinforcement
A coach stops shouting when the footballer makes a successful cross
What is punishment?
Presentation of an unpleasant stimulus after undesired behaviour which breaks S-R bonds
What is shaping?
The learner gradually moves closer towards the desired action (modifying behaviour)
What is Banduras social learning?
Learning by copying others because we wish to be socially accepted
Stages of social learning?
Attention-focus on important cues
Retention-Mental picture/imagery
Motor reproduction-Physically able to perform skill
Motivation-Required. External at early stage
What are Thorndike’s laws?
Law of effect, Law of readiness, Law of exercise
Law of effect example
Rugby player is praised when performing spin pass so that they keep the same technique
What is the law of effect?
Response followed by satisfier (positive) to strengthen S-R bonds. If response is followed by an annoyer (negative) the S-R bonds are weakened
What is the law of Readiness?
Performer must be able both physically and mentally able to complete the task effectively. Lack of attributes weaken S-R bonds
Example of law of readiness
Rugby player needs power to be able to make a successful tackle
What is the law of exercise?
Repeating/Rehearsing the S-R connections. More times a skill is practiced the more likely a response will be bonded to a particular stimulus
