Learning theories

Question 1

Describe operant conditioning

Answer 1

• Trial and error learning
• A correct response is rewarded
• This behaviour is shaped
• E.g. During football, coach directs player to shoot into right side of goal. If this is done,they are rewarded. Area is then reduced to top right corner. Rewarding this, s trengthens the link

Question 2

Thorndike’s laws

Answer 2

• Law of exercise: rehearsing/ repeating actions strengthens reinforcement. E.g. repeated dribbling practice strengthens S-R bonds
• Law of effect: followed by pleasant reaction, then S-R bond is strengthened; followed by negative reaction, the S-R . bond is weakened. E.g. positive comment about technique strengthens S-R bond, negative comment weakens S-R bond
• Law of readiness: athlete must be mentally and physically capable of performing the skill efficiently. E.g. if performer is injured they may not be ready

Question 3

Cognitive theory of learning

Answer 3

• Learning is best achieved by premising the whole skill
• Learner must understand and think about the problem as a whole
• Thought processes are dependent upon perception
• Learner will use intelligence, current knowledge and previous experience to plan or predict a solution
• E.g. Cricketer learns to swing the ball when bowling by understanding the basic mechanics of movement

Question 4

Observational/ Social learning theory

Answer 4

• Behaviour will be copied if the role model is significant other and of high status
• Role models are copied if they are the same gender as the learner
• It is a form of visual guidance
• A demonstration is presented for the learner to copy
• Process involves of attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation