Learning theories

Question 1

what is observational learning?

Answer 1

copy/model behaviour of significant others/ when we learn through watching other ppl (pay attention to e.g. sports stars, coaches etc..)

Question 2

what are the four processes that can affect our performance? (observational learning)

Answer 2

1. attention
2. retention
3. motor reproduction
4. motivation

Question 3

describe the first process of observational learning

Answer 3

attention:
- observer needs to pay attention to demos/important cues

e.g. watch hip turn before discus is released/ coach showing netball how to shoot = watch demo carefully

Question 4

describe the second process of observational learning

Answer 4

retention:
- observer needs to remember the model presented + need to create a mental picture of process

e.g. learner must be able to remember the stages of the triple jump in order to be able to repeat it = mental rehearsal can help

Question 5

describe the third process of observational learning

Answer 5

motor reproduction:
- observer must be physically/mentally able to imitate the skill observed

e. g. learner must be physically able to perform the gymnastic tumbling routine in order to be able to replicate it
- demos are matched to the capabilities of the learner + feedback is required

Question 6

describe the fourth process of observational learning

Answer 6

motivation:
- observer needs to want to carry out the skill if they’re going to imitate

e. g. learner must want to practice the rugby tackle in order for them to learn how to do it
- external reinforcement of the model = increase motivation to imitate

Question 7

what are some factors that affect successful modelling? (observational learning)

Answer 7

• more factors are used, the more likely it is to be successfully modelled

similar:

• age
• gender
• attitude
• sport
• motivation
• culture
• position
• positions of power/ influential e.g. coaches, elite players/sports stars
• clear demo
• praised feedback = used to reinforce
• more factors are used, the more likely it is to be successfully modelled

Question 8

Describe cognitive theory of learning

Answer 8

Is a Gestaltist approach
2. Involves whole learning by considering the complete skill/ display/environment/set of conditions
3. Involves problem solving or insight learning or thinking and understanding
4. Previous experience or long term memory factors are used
5. Intervening variables are variables/influences that are taken into account (by the learner)
OR processes/ understanding takes place between the stimulus and response

Question 9

operant conditioning

Question 10

thorndike’s laws

Answer 10

• law of exercise
• law of effect
• law of readiness

Question 11

law of exercise

Answer 11

• repeating + rehearsing the S-R connections
  = more likely to strengthen them
• if the desired response occurs
  = reinforcement s necessary

Question 12

law of effect

Answer 12

• pleasant outcomes are likely to motivate the performer to repeat the action
• therefore the S-R bond is strengthened

Question 13

law of readiness

Answer 13

• must be physically + mentally able to complete the task effectively