Learning: The Role of Experience

Question 1

classical conditions

Answer 1

an organism learns to associate two stimuli such that one stimulus comes to elicit a response that was originally a response that was originally excited only by the other stimulus.

Question 2

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

a stimulus that elicit a reflexive or innate response (the USR) without prior learning.

Question 3

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 3

a reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus (the UCS) with our prior learning.

Question 4

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

a stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar t the original UCR

Question 5

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 5

a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Question 6

extinction

Answer 6

a process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear.

Question 7

spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trails.

Question 8

stimulus generalization

Answer 8

stimuli similar ti the initial CS elicit a CR.

Question 9

discrimination

Answer 9

when a CR occurs to one stimulus but not the others.

Question 10

higher-order conditioning

Answer 10

a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS.

Question 11

sensitization

Answer 11

an increase in the strengt of response to a repeated stimulus; like habituation, sensitization is also classified as a simple leaning mechanism as it occurs in response to only a single stimulus.

Question 12

exposure therapies

Answer 12

a patient is exposed to a stimulus (CS) that arouses an anxiety response (such as fear) without the presence of the UCS, allowing extinction to occur.

Question 13

aversion therapy

Answer 13

attempts to condition an aversion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behavior by paring it with a noxious UCS.

Question 14

anticipatori nausea and vomiting (ANV)

Answer 14

occurs when people become nauseated and mat vomit anywhere from minutes to hours before a treatment session.

Question 15

insight

Answer 15

the sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem.

Question 16

law of effect

Answer 16

in a given situation, a response followed by a satisfying consequence will become more likely to occur, while a response followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur.

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it.

Question 18

Skinner box

Answer 18

a special chamber used to study operant conditioning experimentally.