consciousness Flashcards

kapittel 6

1
Q

visual agnosia

A

an inability to visually recognize objects

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2
Q

consciousness

A

out moment-to moment awareness of ourselves and our environment.

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3
Q

selective attention

A

the process that focuses awareness on some stimuli to the exclusion of others

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4
Q

controlled processing

A

the conscious use of attention and effort.

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5
Q

automatic processing

A

can be performed without conscious awareness or effort.

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6
Q

divided attention

A

the ability to respond, seemingly simultaneously, to multiple tasks or demands.

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7
Q

blindsight

A

a condition where people are blind in part of their visual field they in special tests respond to stimuli in that field despite reporting that they cannot see those stimuli.

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8
Q

priming

A

exposure to a stimulus influences how you subsequently respond to that same or another stimulus.

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9
Q

implicit memory

A

when memory influences our behavior with our conscious awareness.

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10
Q

attention

A

the process of concentrating on some features of the environment to possible exclusion of others.

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11
Q

selective attention

A

maintaining a focus of attention on a specific item even when faced with alternatives and distractions.

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12
Q

automaticity

A

state reached when a rask no longer requires conscious control.

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13
Q

divided attention

A

the ability to respond, seemingly simultaneously, to multiple tasks or demands.

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14
Q

circadian rhythms

A

daily biological cycles.

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15
Q

suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

A

region of the brain in the hypothalamus responsible for controlling circadian rhythms.

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16
Q

melatonin

A

hormone that has a relaxing effect on the body.

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17
Q

all-cause mortality

A

death by any cause.

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18
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

a cyclic tendency to become psychologically depressed during certain seasons of the year.

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19
Q

beta waves

A

the activity shown in the brain when a person is awake and alert.

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20
Q

alpha waves

A

the slower activity shown in the brain when a person is feeling relaxed and drowsy.

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21
Q

delta waves

A

very regular, slow (05-2cps) and large brain waves that appear as the sleeper moves into stage 3 of sleep.

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22
Q

slow-wave sleep

A

stage 3 and 4 together.

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23
Q

REM sleep (or “R”)

A

stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, high arousal and frequent dreaming.

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24
Q

restoration model

A

states that sleep recharges our run-down bodies, and allows us to recover from physical and mental fatigue.

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25
Q

evolutionary/circadian sleep models

A

models of sleep that focus on the position that sleeps main purpose is to increase a species chances of survival in relation to its environmental demands.

26
Q

memory consolidation

A

a gradual process by which the brain transfers information into long-term memory

27
Q

insomnia

A

chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep or experiencing restful sleep.

28
Q

sleep hygiene

A

practices that promote sleep; these include keeping a stable sleep routine and bed/wake times, ensuring your bedroom is quiet, cool and comfortable, and following a relaxing pre-bed routine.

29
Q

narcolepsy

A

extreme daytime sleepiness, and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks that may last from less tan a minute to an hour.

30
Q

REM- sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

a disorder in which the loss of muscle tone that causes normal REM-skeep paralysis is absent.

31
Q

night terrors

A

frightening dreams that arouse the sleeper to a state of near-panic.

32
Q

sleep apnoea

A

the repeated stopping and restarting of breathing during sleep.

33
Q

wish fulfillment

A

the gratification of our unconscious desires and needs.

34
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

theory which states that dreams do not serve any particular function- they are merelyy a vy-product of REM neural activity.

35
Q

problem-solving dream models.

A

model which state that, because dreams are not constrained by reality, they can help us find creative solutions to our problems and ongoing concerns.

36
Q

cognitive-process dream theories

A

proppe that dreaming and waking thought are produced by the same mental systems in the brain.

37
Q

fantasy-prone personality

A

those with such a personality often live in a vivid, rich fantasy world that they control.

38
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

a special lining of tightly packed cells that lets viral nutrients pass through so neurons can function.

39
Q

neuromodulator

A

a specific group of neurotransmitters that have a widespread and generalized influence on synaptic transmission.

40
Q

agonist

A

a drug that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter.

41
Q

antagonist

A

a drug that inhibits or decreases the action of a neurotransmitter.

42
Q

opiates

A

opium and drugs derived from it, such as morphine, codeine and heroine.

43
Q

endorphins

A

endogenous, or internally produced, morphines.

44
Q

antipsychotics

A

a class og drugs also known as neuroleptics and used primarily to treat psychoses such as schizophrenia; they can also be used to treat a great many other disorders.

45
Q

tolerance

A

decreasing responsively to a drug

46
Q

homeostasis

A

a state of internal psychological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain.

47
Q

compensatory responses

A

reactions opposite to that of the drug.

48
Q

withdrawal

A

occurancey of compensatory responses after discontinued drug.

49
Q

insomnia

A

chronic difficulty in falling asleep or experiencing restful sleep.

50
Q

substance dependence

A

maladaptive pattern of substance use that causes a person significant distress or distantly impairs that persons life.

51
Q

depressants

A

decrease nervous system activity.

52
Q

alcohol myopia

A

short- sighted thinking caused by the inability to pay attention to as much information as when sober.

53
Q

stimulants

A

increase neural firing and arouse the nervous system.

54
Q

opiates

A

opium and drugs derived from it, such as morphine, codeine and heroin.

55
Q

hallucinogens

A

powerful mind-altering drugs that produce hallucinations.

56
Q

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)

A

marijuanas major active indigent.

57
Q

hypnosis

A

a state of consciousness involving focused attention attention and reduced peripheral awareness, characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion.

58
Q

hypnotic susceptibility scales

A

a standard series of pass-fail suggestions that are read to a subject after a hypnotic induction.

59
Q

COMT gene

A

a gene variant that is commonly studied in mental illness.

60
Q

dissociation theories

A

theories that view hypnosis as an altered state involving a division (dissociation) of consciousness.

61
Q

social cognitive theories

A

theories which propose that hypnotic experience result from expectations of people who are motivated to take on the role of being hypnotized.

62
Q
A