Learning Related Vision Difficulties

Question 1

What are the 6 stages of reading?

Answer 1

1. early literacy or prereading (1st)
2. decoding (1st-2nd)
3. fluency/learning to read (2-3)
4. uses reading for learning (4-5)
5. multiple viewpoints (9-12)
6. construction & reconstruction (college+)

Question 2

eye movements related to reading

Answer 2

1. Fixations – pauses in between saccades to processing information
2. Duration of fixation – amount of time reader pauses to gather information
3. Regressions – right to left eye movements
4. Return Sweep – saccadic eye movements made from the end of a line of text to the beginning of the next line
5. Span of recognition – amount of information being processed during a fixation
6. Reverse staircase – pattern of eye movements of readers with dyslexia (reads left to right then right to left)

Question 3

eye movements related to reading

Answer 3

1. Fixations – pauses in between saccades to processing information
2. Duration of fixation – amount of time reader pauses to gather information
3. Regressions – right to left eye movements
4. Return Sweep – saccadic eye movements made from the end of a line of text to the beginning of the next line
5. Span of recognition – amount of information being processed during a fixation
6. Reverse staircase – pattern of eye movements of readers with dyslexia (reads left to right then right to left)

Question 4

What are the oculomotor behavior of poor readers or individuals w/ dyslexia?

Answer 4

Increased number of fixations

Increased number of regressions

Longer duration of fixation

Question 5

What do patients with poor oculomotor control have trouble with?

Answer 5

difficulty processing & understanding info when reading

Question 6

What are reading & learning assessment tools?

Answer 6

visagraph — tool used to measure eye movements while a patient reads age appropriate reading material

San Diego Quick assessment —
Purpose: To determine if poor eye movements is causing reading problems
(vs Language)

Question 7

What are some considerations when testing?

Answer 7

Visagraph requires using reading material at the patient’s independent or
instructional reading level to eliminate decoding factor

Determine the appropriate reading level by using the San Diego Quick
Assessment (Requires the patient to read a list of words within 2 seconds and
get at least 8/10 correct to get credit for that grade level).

Use a passage at the patient’s independent or instructional grade level
determined by San Diego Quick Assessment for the Visagraph.
Do one practice round then run test to get two consistent responses
Determine if eye movement scores are consistent w/ reading grade level of patient
if yes, not an eye movement problem