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BIO 349 EXAM 2 > Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Learning Objectives Flashcards

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1
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Explain the mechanisms by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.

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2
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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Distinguish between primary and secondary immune responses; distinguish between active and passive immunity, both naturally acquired and artificially acquired.

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3
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the structure and function of the bowman’s capsule, and the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate the first rate-limiting step of urine formation.

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4
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BLOOD

Describe the proportions (%) of the two main components of whole blood and how this is measured

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5
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the mechanisms that are responsible for maintaining arterial blood flow, and those that aid in returning venous blood to the heart.

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6
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the 3 phases of urine formation, including where they occur (principally) along the nephron, the net direction of movement of materials and whether by active or passive transport.

A

First Phase: Filtration

As blood flows through the glomerular, protein-free plasma lters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule. Normally, about 20% of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered.

The kidneys filter the entire plasma volume about 65 times per day.

This is know an glomerular filtration.

Second Phase: Reabsorption

As the filtrate flows through the tubules, substances of value to the body are returned to the peritubular capillary plasma.

This selective movement of substances from inside the tubule (the tubular lumen) into the blood is called tubular reabsorption.

Reabsorbed substances are not lost from the body in the urine but instead are carried by the peritubular capillaries to the venous system the heart to be recirculated.

Third Phase: Secretion

The selective transfer of substances from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubular lumen is known as Tubular Secretion.

It provides a second route for substances to enter the renal tubules from the blood, the first being by glomerular filtration.

Only about 20% of the plasma flowing through the glomerular capillaries is filtered into Bowman’s capsule; the remaining 80% flows on through the efferent arteriole into the peritubular capillaries.

Tubular secretion provides a mechanism for more rapidly eliminating selected substances from the plasma by extracting an additional quantity of a particular substance from the 80% of unfiltered plasma in the peritubular capillaries and adding it to the quantity of the substance already present in the tubule as a result of filtration.

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7
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the factors involved in the normal regulation of hunger.

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8
Q

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Describe the typical events in an allergic reaction.

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9
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss pathological states affecting urinary function.

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10
Q

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Differentiate between non-specific and specific defense of the body, and describe the means of non-specific resistance to invasion or disease, including inflammation.

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11
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Differentiate between internal and external respiration.

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12
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the mechanisms of transport in the absorption of the products of digestion, water and minerals from the alimentary canal.

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13
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Review the physiological processes involved in tissue fluid formation and return, and the possible causes of edema.

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14
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Describe some of the common pathologic conditions that affect heart function.

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15
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Review the anatomy and physiology of the organs of the urinary system, and the blood circulatory path through the kidney.

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16
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Define partial gas pressure, and describe the factors (4) that influence the diffusion of gases across cell membranes.

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17
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the composition of saliva and bile.

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18
Q

BLOOD

Explain the genetic basis for blood typing.

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19
Q

BLOOD

Describe the general characteristics of the formed elements of blood and blood plasma; and discuss the major functions of each.

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20
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the location and function of the respiratory centers in the regulation of breathing, and the various factors (both at central and peripheral receptors) that affect these control centers.

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21
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the regulation of salt and water balance.

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22
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the role of the chloride shift in carbon dioxide transport.

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23
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Explain how either poor perfusion or poor ventilation of the lungs may result in a “right to left shunt”.

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24
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Compare and contrast autorhythmic and contractile cells of the heart, both in structure and function.

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25
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Explain why ventilation is the “rate-limiting step” in respiratory function.

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26
Q

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Discuss the inflammation process and the significance of each physiological change.

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27
Q

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Discuss the pivotal role of macrophages in self-recognition and defense against disease.

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28
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the relationship of blood pressure to cardiac output, blood volume, viscosity of blood, and peripheral resistance.

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29
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the role of watery fluids, including important differences in function, on the outer and inner surfaces of the lungs.

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30
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Review how the body fluids are distributed within compartments, how the fluid composition differs between compartments, and the transport mechanisms that move fluids from one compartment to another.

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31
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the dietary and physiological factors that may contribute to fluctuations in body pH; and name the conditions in which body pH is abnormal.

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32
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the basic mechanics of heart function that ensure one-way flow of blood through the heart.

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33
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss current major medical concerns related to nutrition in the U.S.

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34
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the mechanisms of regulating blood pressure.

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35
Q

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Describe the structure and function of organs and tissues of the lymphatic system.

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36
Q

BLOOD

Differentiate between the formed elements of blood and their molecules carried by blood plasma and their general functions.

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37
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Relate the electrical events triggered by the cardiac conduction system to the mechanical events in one cardiac cycle.

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38
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the basic mechanics of heart function that simultaneously pumps blood through two circulatory paths (systemic and pulmonary circuits).

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39
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the important characteristics of the principle vitamins and energy nutrients, and their major dietary sources.

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40
Q

BLOOD

Describe how blood reactions may occur between the fetal and maternal tissues.

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41
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Explain at least 2 roles of the Na+-K+ pump in cardiac muscle cell function.

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42
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe hemoglobin’s response to changes in various physiological conditions, e.g. temperature, pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, 2,3 DPG, etc.

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43
Q

BLOOD

Differentiate between transferrin and ferritin in iron transport and storage.

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44
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Differentiate between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons with respect to structure, location and function.

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45
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Review the anatomy and physiology of the specialized segments along the alimentary canal and of the accessory organs to digestion, and briefly explain how these structures work to carry out the 5 major functions of the digestive system.

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46
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the function of carbonic anhydrase and the chloride shift, as they relate to carbon dioxide transport and exchange.

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47
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Differentiate between local control (chemical and physical factors) and extrinsic control of arteriolar blood flow.

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48
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic regulation for optimal gas exchange at the respiratory membrane.

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49
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Explain how changing pH values of the body fluids may be minimized through the normal function of the respiratory center and kidneys.

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50
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Compare and contrast the function of autorhythmic and contractile cells in the heart.

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51
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

List the exocrine (enzymes, buffers, etc.) and endocrine (hormones) secretions of the various digestive organs; describe how their release is regulated by reflexes and negative feedback mechanisms, and the functions of each secretion.

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52
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory mechanisms that serve to match airflow with blood flow, for optimal gas exchange.

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53
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the functions of the liver related to nutrition and digestion, and the significance of the hepatic portal system.

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54
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the structure and function of the respiratory membrane.

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55
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Differentiate between the 4 processes that together maintain O2 and CO2 homeostasis in support of internal cellular respiration.

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56
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Review the functional unit of the kidney, and explain the 3 major steps in the production of urine and the mechanisms by which they occur.

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57
Q

BLOOD

Describe hematopoiesis and its homeostatic regulation.

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58
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Define buffer, and describe the chemical buffer systems that operate in different body fluids.

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59
Q

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Name the major types of immunoglobulins and discuss their basic structure and functions.

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60
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Compare and contrast the functions of the lungs, integument, kidneys, and alimentary canal as excretory organs.

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61
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe flow of blood

  1. Into and out of the glomerulus
  2. Into and out of the peritubular capillary bed
  3. Into and out of the kidney
A

Into and out of the glomerulus

  • glomerulus receives blood from a single artery called the afferent artery.
  • The afferent artery is a branch of an interlobular artery in the cortex of the kidney.
  • Blood is carried out of the glomerulus by an efferent arteriole instead of a venule, as is observed in most other capillary systems.
  • This provides tighter control over the blood flow through the glomerulus, since arterioles dilate and constrict more readily than venules, owing to arterioles’ larger smooth muscle layer (tunica media).

Into and out of the peritubular capillary bed

  • Blood is supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.
  • Blood leaves via the renal vein

Into and out of the kidney

  • Blood flows to the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries. Inside each kidney these branch into smaller arterioles.
  • Blood vessels from peritubular capillary bed unite and ultimately form the renal vein.
62
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Review the mechanism of peristalsis.

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63
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Explain the countercurrent mechanism and the role of the vasa recta for the concentration of urine under the influence of ADH (Vasopressin).

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64
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Explain what is meant by “essential nutrient”, and give some examples.

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65
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Compare and contrast the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane.

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66
Q

BLOOD

Explain how/why the proportions (%) of the two main components of whole blood may change including any homeostatic mechanisms.

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67
Q

BLOOD

Discuss the life cycle of a red blood cell (production, destruction, recycling), and the homeostatic regulation of RBC production.

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68
Q

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Compare and contrast interferon and complement enzymes in specific defense against disease.

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69
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe in detail the mechanisms involved in the tubular secretion of H+ with the corresponding conservation of base HCO3-.

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70
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Relate the mechanical events in the normal cardiac cycle to the electrical events recorded in an ECG.

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71
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Explain at least 1 example of how the Sympathetic NS may change cardiac output.

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72
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Explain the function of proteins that serve to maintain the steepest possible gradients for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide at both tissues and respiratory membranes.

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73
Q

BLOOD

Define hemostasis, and explain the 3 basic mechanisms that help to achieve it (blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation), and the mechanism to later restore circulation to the area of damage.

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74
Q

BLOOD

Discuss the clinical uses of anti-coagulants and clot dissolving chemicals.

A
75
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the significance and mechanisms of autoregulation (GFR) of the kidney.

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76
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Explain what is meant by water and electrolyte balance, and discuss the importance of this balance.

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77
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Explain how both intrinsic (short) and extrinsic (long) digestive reflexes control digestive processes.

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78
Q

BLOOD

Describe the relationship between dietary iron, hemoglobin, and oxygen carrying capacity.

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79
Q

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the mechanics of normal breathing.

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80
Q

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Describe the composition and functions of the reticuloendothelial system (mononuclear phagocytic system).

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81
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the 2 roles of Ca2+ in cardiac contractile cells, including how it enters the cells.

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82
Q

DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the 3 phases of gastric regulation, and relate to the function of other digestive organs.

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83
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the normal stimulus for heart muscle cells, and how it is delivered to stimulate contraction.

A
84
Q

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Discuss the cells that are involved in specific immunity, and their functions in immune mechanisms.

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85
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Explain the differences between action potentials in skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells, and why this is important to function in both tissues.

A
86
Q

URINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Describe the homeostatic mechanisms of water balance including the thirst mechanism.

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87
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the normal cardiac cycle, and the function of autorhythmic tissues in the cardiac conduction system which coordinate cardiac function.

A
88
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Discuss the mechanisms of intrinsic and extrinsic regulation on cardiac output (heart rate and stroke volume), including ANS reflexes.

A

BIO 349 EXAM 2 (26 decks)

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