Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Questions Flashcards
What are the 4 basic steps of external respiration?
Factors Affecting Airway Resistance
- Bronchoconstriction
- What is this effect on airway resistance?
- Factors Produce Bronchoconstriction
- Bronchodilation
- What is this effect on airway resistance?
- Factors Produce Bronchodilation
What is happening at each #?
Opposing Forces Acting on the Lung
- What are the two Forces Keeping Alveoli Open?
- What are the two Forces Promoting Alveolar Collapse?
Opposing Forces Acting on the Lung
- What are the two Forces Keeping Alveoli Open?
- Transmural pressure gradient
- Pulmonary surfactant (which opposes alveolar surface tension)
- What are the two Forces Promoting Alveolar Collapse?
- Elasticity of stretched elastin fibers in lung connective tissues
- Alveolar surface tension
What are the 4 ways that the work of breathing may be increased?
What is happening at each number?
What are the 4 factors that influence the Rate of Gas Transfer Across the Alveolar–Capillary Membrane?
Factors That Influence the Rate of Gas Transfer Across the Alveolar–Capillary Membrane
- Fill this table out
Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
Describe what is happening at each number and overall in this picture.
- Carbon dioxide picked up at the tissue level is transported in the blood to the lungs in three ways:
- (1) physically dissolved
- (2) bound to hemoglobin (Hb), and
- (3) as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
- Hemoglobin is present only in the red blood cells, as is carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme that catalyzes the production of HCO3-.
- The H+ generated during the production of HCO3- also binds to Hb. HCO3- moves by facilitated diffusion down its concentration gradient out of the red blood cell into the plasma, and chloride (Cl-) moves by means of the same passive carrier into the red blood cell down the electrical gradient created by the outward diffusion of HCO3-.
- The reactions that occur at the tissue level are reversed at the pulmonary level, where CO2 diffuses out of the blood to enter the alveoli.
Methods of Transport in Blood for the following gasses:
- O2
- CO2
****Also list what percentage of each gas is in each form of transport
Breathing is accomplished by alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles within the lung tissue. (True or false?)
False
Explain how either poor perfusion or poor ventilation of the lungs may result in a “right to left shunt”
- O2 needs a steep gradient than CO2 because it is less soluble in the membrane ie more oxygen required to diffuse through the membrane
Normally, the alveoli empty completely during maximal expiratory efforts. (True or false?)
False
Alveolar ventilation does not always increase when pulmonary ventilation increases. (True or false?)
True
O2 and CO2 have equal diffusion constants. (True or false?)
False
Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than for any other substance. (True or false?)
False
Rhythmicity of breathing is brought about by pacemaker activity displayed by the respiratory muscles. (True or false?)
False
The expiratory neurons send impulses to the motor neurons controlling the expiratory muscles during normal quiet breathing. (True or false?)
False
- The two forces that tend to keep the alveoli open are _____ and _____.
- The two forces that tend to keep the alveoli open are transmural pressure gradient and pulmonary surfactant action.
- The two forces that promote alveolar collapse are ____ and ____.
- The two forces that promote alveolar collapse are pulmonary elasticity and alveolar surface tension.
- _____ is a measure of the magnitude of change in lung volume accomplished by a given change in the transmural pres- sure gradient.
- Compliance is a measure of the magnitude of change in lung volume accomplished by a given change in the transmural pres- sure gradient.
- ______ is the phenomenon of the lungs snapping back to their resting size after having been stretched.
- Elastic recoil is the phenomenon of the lungs snapping back to their resting size after having been stretched.
____________ is the erythrocytic enzyme that catalyzes
the conversion of CO2 into HCO2-.
Carbonic anhydrase is the erythrocytic enzyme that catalyzes
the conversion of CO2 into HCO2 -.
Which of the following reactions take(s) place at the pulmonary capillaries?
A
Indicate the O2 and CO2 partial pressure relationships important in gas exchange by circling > (greater than), < (less than), or = (equal to) as appropriate in each of the following statements
Using the answer code on the right, indicate which chemoreceptors are being described:
- d,
- a,
- b,
- a,
- b,
- a
- Distinguish between cellular and external respiration.
- Describe the components of the respiratory system.
- What is the site of gas exchange?
Compare atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural pressures.
Why are the lungs normally stretched even during expiration?
Explain why air enters the lungs during inspiration and leaves during expiration.
Why is inspiration normally active and expiration normally passive?
Why does airway resistance become an important determinant of air flow rates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Explain pulmonary elasticity in terms of compliance and elastic recoil.
State the source and function of pulmonary surfactant.
Define the various lung volumes and capacities.
Compare pulmonary and alveolar ventilation.
What is the consequence of anatomic and alveolar dead space?
Compare ventilation, perfusion, and the ventilation– perfusion ratio at the top and the bottom of the lung.
Explain what accounts for these differences.
What determines the partial pressures of a gas in the air and in blood?
List the methods of O2 transport and CO2 transport in the blood.
What is the primary factor that determines the percent hemoglobin saturation?
What are the significances of the plateau and the steep portions of the O2–Hb dissociation curve?
How does hemoglobin promote the net transfer of O2 from the alveoli to the blood?
Explain the Bohr and Haldane effects.
Define the following
- hypoxic hypoxia
- anemic hypoxia
- circulatory hypoxia
- histotoxic hypoxia
- hypercapnia
- hypocapnia
- hyperventilation
- hypoventilation
- hyperpnea
- apnea
- dyspnea.
What are the locations and functions of the three respira- tory control centers?
Distinguish between the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG).
What brain region establishes the rhythmicity of breathing?
