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BIO 349 EXAM 2 > Chapter 11 The Blood Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 11 The Blood Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma

  • Blood consists of three types of cellular elements
    1. _______
    2. _______
    3. _______
A

Plasma

  • Blood consists of three types of cellular elements
    1. erythrocytes (red blood cells)
    2. leukocytes (white blood cells)
    3. platelets (thrombocytes)—suspended in the liquid plasma.
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2
Q

Plasma

  • The 5- to 5.5-L volume of blood in an adult consists of 42% to 45% ______, less than 1% ______ and ______, and 55% to 58% ______.
    “
  • The percentage of whole-blood volume occupied by erythrocytes is the ______.
A

Plasma

  • The 5- to 5.5-L volume of blood in an adult consists of 42% to 45% erythrocytes, less than 1% leukocytes and platelets, and 55% to 58% plasma.
  • The percentage of whole-blood volume occupied by erythrocytes is the hematocrit.
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3
Q

Plasma

  • _______ is a complex liquid consisting of 90% water that serves as a transport medium for substances being carried in the blood.
  • The most abundant inorganic constituents in plasma are _______ and ____, and the most plentiful organic constituents are _______.
  • All plasma constituents are freely diffusible across the capillary walls except the _______, which re- main in the plasma where they perform a variety of important functions.
  • Plasma proteins include the _______, _______ ( ALPHA, BETA, and GAMMA ), and _______.
A

Plasma

  • Plasma is a complex liquid consisting of 90% water that serves as a transport medium for substances being carried in the blood.
  • The most abundant inorganic constituents in plasma are Na and Cl, and the most plentiful organic constituents are plasma proteins.
  • All plasma constituents are freely diffusible across the capillary walls except the plasma proteins, which re- main in the plasma where they perform a variety of important functions.
  • Plasma proteins include the albumins, globulins ( ALPHA, BETA, and GAMMA ), and fibrinogen.
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4
Q

Erythrocytes

  • Erythrocytes are specialized for their primary function of _______ in the blood.
  • Their biconcave shape maximizes the _______ available for diffusion of O2 into cells of this volume.
  • Erythrocytes do not contain a _______ or _______ (these are extruded during development) but instead are packed full of _______, an iron- containing molecule that can loosely and reversibly bind with O2.
  • Because O2 is poorly soluble in blood, _______ is indispensable for O2 transport. Each _______ molecule can carry _______ O2 molecules.
A

Erythrocytes

  • Erythrocytes are specialized for their primary function of O2 transport in the blood.
  • Their biconcave shape maximizes the surface area available for diffusion of O2 into cells of this volume.
  • Erythrocytes do not contain a nucleus or organelles (these are extruded during development) but instead are packed full of hemoglobin, an iron- containing molecule that can loosely and reversibly bind with O2.
  • Because O2 is poorly soluble in blood, hemoglobin is indispensable for O2 transport. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four O2 molecules.
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5
Q

Erythrocytes

  • Hemoglobin also contributes to _______ transport and buffering of blood by reversibly binding with _______ and _______.
A

Erythrocytes

  • Hemoglobin also contributes to CO2 transport and buffering of blood by reversibly binding with CO2 and H+.
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6
Q

Erythrocytes

  • Unable to replace cell components, erythrocytes are destined to a _______ life span of about _______.
A

Erythrocytes

  • Unable to replace cell components, erythrocytes are destined to a short life span of about 120 days.
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7
Q

Erythrocytes

  • ______________cells in the red bone marrow give rise to all cellular elements of the blood.
  • Erythrocyte production (erythropoiesis) by the _______ normally keeps pace with the rate of erythrocyte loss, keeping the red cell count constant.
  • Erythropoiesis is stimulated by _______, a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to _______ O2 delivery.
A

Erythrocytes

  • Undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells in the red bone marrow give rise to all cellular elements of the blood.
  • Erythrocyte production (erythropoiesis) by the red marrow normally keeps pace with the rate of erythrocyte loss, keeping the red cell count constant.
  • Erythropoiesis is stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to reduced O2 delivery.
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8
Q

Erythrocytes

  • The major ABO blood types depend on the presence of specific _______ on the surface of erythrocytes.
  • The red blood cells of type A blood have A antigen; those of type B blood have B antigen, those of type AB blood have both A and B antigen, and those of type O blood have no A or B antigen.
  • Type A blood has _______ antibodies, type B blood has _______ antibodies, type AB blood has _______ or _______ antibodies, and type O blood has _______ antibodies.
  • These antibodies cause the RBCs with the corresponding antigens to _______ or _______, causing a transfusion reaction if incoming donor cells are exposed to corresponding antibodies in recipient blood.
A

Erythrocytes

  • The major ABO blood types depend on the presence of specific antigens on the surface of erythrocytes.
  • The red blood cells of type A blood have A antigen; those of type B blood have B antigen, those of type AB blood have both A and B antigen, and those of type O blood have no A or B antigen.
  • Type A blood has anti-B antibodies, type B blood has anti-A antibodies, type AB blood has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies, and type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
  • These antibodies cause the RBCs with the corresponding antigens to agglutinate (clump) or rupture, causing a transfusion reaction if incoming donor cells are exposed to corresponding antibodies in recipient blood.
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9
Q

Leukocytes

  • Leukocytes are the _______ of the body.
  • They attack ______________, clean up _______, and destroy _______that arise in the body.
  • Leukocytes and certain plasma proteins make up the _______ system.
A

Leukocytes

  • Leukocytes are the defense troops of the body.
  • They attack foreign invaders (the most common of which are bacteria and viruses), clean up cellular debris, and destroy cancer cells that arise in the body.
  • Leukocytes and certain plasma proteins make up the immune system.
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10
Q

Leukocytes

  • The five types of leukocytes are categorized microscopically by differences in _______, presence or absence of _______, and _______.
  • The polymorphonuclear granulocytes include _______, _______, and _______.
  • The mononuclear agranulocytes include _______ and _______.
A

Leukocytes

  • The five types of leukocytes are categorized microscopically by differences in nuclear shape, presence or absence of granules, and staining properties.
  • The polymorphonuclear granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
  • The mononuclear agranulocytes include monocytes and lymphocytes.
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11
Q

Leukocytes

  • Each of the leukocyte types has a different task:
    1. Neutrophils, the _______ specialists, are important in engulfing bacteria and debris.
    2. Eosinophils specialize in _______and play a role in _______.
    3. Basophils release two chemicals: _______, which is also important in allergic responses; and _______, which helps clear fat particles from the blood.
    4. Monocytes, on leaving the blood, set up residence in _______ and greatly enlarge to become the large tissue phagocytes known as _______.
    5. Lymphocytes provide _______ against bacteria, viruses, and other targets for which they are speci cally programmed. Their defense tools include production of _______ that mark the victim for destruction by phagocytosis or other means (for _______) and release of chemicals that punch holes in the victim (for _______).
A

Leukocytes

  • Each of the leukocyte types has a different task:
    1. Neutrophils, the phagocytic specialists, are important in engulfing bacteria and debris.
    2. Eosinophils specialize in attacking parasitic worms and play a role in allergic responses.
    3. Basophils release two chemicals: histamine, which is also important in allergic responses; and heparin, which helps clear fat particles from the blood.
    4. Monocytes, on leaving the blood, set up residence in the tissues and greatly enlarge to become the large tissue phagocytes known as macrophages.
    5. Lymphocytes provide immune defense against bacteria, viruses, and other targets for which they are speci cally programmed. Their defense tools include production of antibodies that mark the victim for destruction by phagocytosis or other means (for B lymphocytes) and release of chemicals that punch holes in the victim (for T lymphocytes).
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12
Q

Leukocytes

  • Leukocytes are present in the blood only while in _____ ___________ _____ (and also in the lymphoid tissues in the case of the lymphocytes) to their site of action in the tissues.
  • At any given time, most leukocytes are out in the _______ on surveillance or performing actual combat missions.
A

Leukocytes

  • Leukocytes are present in the blood only while in transit from their site of production and storage in the bone marrow (and also in the lymphoid tissues in the case of the lymphocytes) to their site of action in the tissues.
  • At any given time, most leukocytes are out in the tissues on surveillance or performing actual combat missions.
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13
Q

Leukocytes

  • All leukocytes have a limited life span and must be replenished by ongoing _______ and _______ of precursor cells.
  • The total number and percentage of each of the different types of leukocytes are produced at variable rates depending on the _______ _______ of the body.
  • Factors that regulate production of the different types of leukocyte are released from _______and from _______.
A

Leukocytes

  • All leukocytes have a limited life span and must be replenished by ongoing differentiation and proliferation of precursor cells.
  • The total number and percentage of each of the different types of leukocytes are produced at variable rates depending on the momentary defense needs of the body.
  • Factors that regulate production of the different types of leukocyte are released from invaded or injured tissues and from activated leukocytes.
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14
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Platelets are cell fragments derived from large _______ in the _______.
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Platelets are cell fragments derived from large megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
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15
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Platelets play a role in _______, the arrest of bleeding from an injured vessel.
  • The three main steps in hemostasis are
    1. _______
    2. _______
    3. _______
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Platelets play a role in hemostasis, the arrest of bleeding from an injured vessel.
  • The three main steps in hemostasis are
    1. vascular spasm, which reduces blood flow through an injured vessel
    2. platelet plugging;
    3. clot formation.
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16
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Platelet _______ at the site of vessel injury quickly plugs the defect.
  • Platelets start to aggregate by adhering to_______ factor, which binds to exposed _______ in the damaged vessel wall.
  • These aggregated platelets secrete _______ and _______, which together cause other passing-by platelets to pile on, setting up a_______ cycle as the platelet plug grows to ll in the defect.
  • Normal adjacent _______ secretes inhibitory chemicals that prevent platelets from adhering to the _______ parts of the vessel.
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Platelet aggregation at the site of vessel injury quickly plugs the defect.
  • Platelets start to aggregate by adhering to von Willebrand factor, which binds to exposed collagen in the damaged vessel wall.
  • These aggregated platelets secrete ADP and thromboxane A2, which together cause other passing-by platelets to pile on, setting up a positive-feedback cycle as the platelet plug grows to ll in the defect.
  • Normal adjacent endothelium secretes inhibitory chemicals that prevent platelets from adhering to the surrounding undamaged parts of the vessel.
16
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • _______ formation reinforces the platelet plug and converts blood in the vicinity of a vessel injury into a _______.
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Clot formation reinforces the platelet plug and converts blood in the vicinity of a vessel injury into a non flowing gel.
16
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • ____ formation reinforces the platelet plug and converts blood in the vicinity of a vessel injury into a _______.
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Clot formation reinforces the platelet plug and converts blood in the vicinity of a vessel injury into a non flowing gel.
17
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Most factors necessary for clotting are always present in the plasma in ______________.
  • When a vessel is damaged, exposed _______ initiates a clotting cascade of reactions involving successive activation of these clotting factors, ultimately converting _______ into _______ via the_______ pathway.
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Most factors necessary for clotting are always present in the plasma in inactive precursor form.
  • When a vessel is damaged, exposed collagen initiates a clotting cascade of reactions involving successive activation of these clotting factors, ultimately converting fibrinogen into fibrin via the intrinsic clotting pathway.
17
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Fibrin, an _______ molecule, is laid down as the meshwork of the clot; the meshwork in turn entangles blood _______ to complete clot formation.
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Fibrin, an insoluble threadlike molecule, is laid down as the meshwork of the clot; the meshwork in turn entangles blood cellular elements to complete clot formation.
17
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Blood that has escaped into the tissues clots on exposure to tissue _______, which sets the _______ pathway into motion.
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Blood that has escaped into the tissues clots on exposure to tissue thromboplastin, which sets the extrinsic clotting pathway into motion.
17
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Clots form quickly. When no longer needed, they are slowly dissolved by _______, a fibrinolytic factor also activated by exposed _______.
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Clots form quickly. When no longer needed, they are slowly dissolved by plasmin, a fibrinolytic factor also activated by exposed collagen.
17
Q

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Thus, exposed collagen simultaneously initiates_______ and _______ and sets the stage for later _______.
A

Platelets and Hemostasis

  • Thus, exposed collagen simultaneously initiates platelet aggregation and clot formation and sets the stage for later clot dissolution.
18
Q
A

BIO 349 EXAM 2 (26 decks)

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