Learning exam review Flashcards
What are the 2 approaches to learning?
- classical: emphasizes involuntary responses
- operant: emphasizes voluntary responses/ consequences of behavior
What is conditioning?
a process by which a behavior becomes more likely due to association with events that occur in the organism’s environment
what is observational learning?
learn by watching others…. BoBo doll experiment
What is classical conditioning?
occurs when neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response
What is operant conditioning?
type of learning in wich the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated
- first there is behavior
- then, there is consequence
What is B.F. Skinner’s Law of Effect?
behaviors that lead to pleasant situations will be repeated, and vice versa
What are the four key principles of operant conditioning?
- reinforcement: a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency
- punishment: a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency
- shaping: reinforcement of successively closer approximations to target behavior
- after reinforcement, a conditioned behavior starts to fade over time
What are primary / secondary reinforcers?
- Primary: food, comfort, shelter, warmth…. satisfies biological needs
- Secondary: verbal approval, trophies, money….. derive effectiveness from association with primary reinforcers
What are the 2 main schedules of reinforcement? *B.F. Skinner
- interval schedules: time intervals between reinforcements
- ratio schedules: ratio of responses to reinforcements
What are the four types of reinforcement schedules?
- fixed-ratio: reinforcement occurs after fixed # of responses
- fixed-interval: reinforcement occurs after fixed amount of time has passed
- variable-ratio: reinforcement is delivered after average # of correct responses
- variable-interval: responses reinforced after varying amount of time has passed
What is generalization?
tendency for stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus, to elicit similar response
What is discrimination?
when an organism learns to make particular response to some stimuli, but not to others
What is spontaneous recovery?
recovery of conditioned response after extinction (usually weaker response)
What is habituation?
a decrease in response after repeatedly being exposed to it
what is learning?
learning involves the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, and responses
based on experience, it produces a change in the organism that is relatively permanent
What is classical conditioning?
classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus (CS) with a meaningful event or stimulus (US), eventually the CS, all by itself, can elicit a response (CR)
What is operant conditioning?
operant conditioning is a process by which reinforcements increase the likelihood of behavior and punishments decrease the likelihood of behavior
What are the cognitive components of operant conditioning?
organisms behave as though they have expectations about the outcomes of their actions and adjust their actions accordingly
What is observational learning?
important process by which species gather information about the world around them and transmit novel behaviors across individuals
What happens to the mirror neuron system during observational learning?
the mirror neuron system becomes active during observational learning, and many of the same brain regions are active during both observational and performance of a skill
What is implicit learning?
implicit learning is a process that detects, learns, and stores patterns without the application of explicit awareness by the learner
What behaviors can implicit learning produce?
implicit learning can produce simple behaviors such as habituation, but also complex behaviors, such as language use or socialization
in classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce?
a conditioned response
What occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
extinction
responding to implicit instructions results in decreased brain activation in which part of the brain?
the occipital cortex
