Week 10 Flashcards
Define phonemes
the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as speech rather than as a random noise
what are phonological rules?
phonological rules indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds
Define morphemes
the smallest meaningful units of language
What is the function of synactic rules?
synactic rules indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences
what is fast mapping?
the process whereby children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure
what is telegraphic speech?
telegraphic speech is devoid of functional morphemes and consist mostly of content words
What is the nativist theory of language development?
language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity
… equipped with *universal grammar
what is universal grammar?
a collection of processes that facilitate language learning
What is genetic dysphasia
a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence
Where is language processing concentrated in the brain?
- Broca’s area
- Wernicke’s area
what is aphasia?
a difficulty in producing or comprehending language
what is the prototype theory?
we classify new objects by comparing them to the “best” or “most typical” member of a category
what is the exemplar theory?
we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category
*involves analysis and decision-making
what is a category-speciic deficit?
an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category, although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed
what is rational choice theory?
we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two
what is availability bias?
items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently
what is the conjunction fallacy?
people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
what is the representativeness heuristic?
a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event with a prototype of the object or event
what are framing effects?
a bias whereby people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is framed (phrased)
what is optimism bias?
people believe that compared with other individuals, they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future
what is the prospect theory?
people choose to take risks when evaluating potential losses and to avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
how do psychologists define intelligence?
the ability to use one’s mind to solve problems and learn from experience
what is the two-factor theory of intelligence?
a person’s performance on a test is due to a combination of general ability and skills that are specific to the test
what is crystallized intelligence?
the ability to apply knowledge that was acquired thru experience
*generally measured by vocab/ factual info tests
What is fluid intelligence?
the ability to solve and reason abt novel problems
*generally measured with abstract problems in new domains that must be solved under time pressure
