Memory Review Flashcards
what is *encoding?
encoding is the process of transforming the info received thru our senses into a lasting memory
What is semantic encoding?
semantic encoding is characterized by relating new info to previous knowledge in a meaningful way
What is visual imagery encoding?
visual imagery encoding also relates new info to previous knowledge, but features both a visual/verbal placeholder
What is organizational encoding?
organizational encoding is a process of finding relationships between items to make them easier to retrieve
What is sensory storage?
sensory memory/ storage holds info for a second or two
How does rehearsal / chunking aid in short term memory?
*Rehearsal helps keep memories in short-term storage
*chunking combines information into a single, meaningful item
What is working memory?
working memory is the active maintenance of info in short-term storage, where information is retained for abt 15 to 20 seconds
Describe the model of working memory
A model of working memory includes the subsystems (visuo-spatial/ phonological loop)
as well as episodic buffer that integrates information, and the central executive that coordinates them
How does the hippocampus function in memory?
The hippocampus functions as an index to put information into a long-term memory, but it is not a site of long-term memory
Describe consolidation
the act of recalling, thinking, and talking abt a memory leads to consolidation
*sleep also aids in this
What role do synapses play in memory?
memory storage depends on changes in synapses, and long-term potentiation *LTP increases synaptic connections
When are retrieval cues effective?
Retrieval cues are effective when they are given in the same context as when we encoded as an experience
*moods and inner states can become retrieval cues
What is the risk of reconsolidation?
consolidated memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to be consolidated again
What is the encoding - specificity principle?
retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which info was encoded
ex: taking a test in the same seat that you studied
What is state-dependent retrieval?
info tends to be better recalled when person is in the same state (psychological/physiological) that they were when the info was being encoded
What is transfer-appropriate processing?
TAP focuses on match between cognitive processes used during encoding and retrieval
*learning rhymes in order to do better on a test or whatever… IT’S COGNITIVE NOT ENVIRONMENT OR STATE DEPENDENT
What is retrieval-induced forgetting?
the phenomenon where the act of recalling certain info from memory unintentionally leads to forgetting of related, but unretrieved info
How can retrieval effect memory?
retrieving information from memory can improve subsequent memory of the retrieved information, but it can also suppress memory for related information that is not retrieved
What does neuroimaging show abt activities that are active in brain when remembering?
neuroimaging studies suggest that trying to remember activates the left frontal lobe, whereas successful recovery of stored info activates the hippocampus and regions in the brain related to the sensory aspects of an experience
What does long-term memory consist of?
long-term memory consists of implicit memory, the unconscious influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance
and explicit memory, the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving from past experiences
What is included in implicit memory?
- procedural memory: the acquisition of skills as a result of practice
- priming: a change in the ability to recognize or identify an object or a word as the result of past exposure to it
How can explicit memory be divided?
episodic memory: the collection of personal experiences from a particular time and place
semantic memory: a networked, general, impersonal knowledge of facts, associations, and concepts
What is collaborative memory and how does it effect memory?
collaborative memory refers to remembering in groups
collaborate remembering can both impair memory (collaborative inhibition) and enhance it by exposing people to new information and helping to correct errors
Describe Transience *7 sins
transience is reflected by a rapid decline in memory, followed by more gradual forgetting; both decay and interference contribute to transience
Describe absentmindedness *7 sins
absentmindedness results from failures of attention, shallow encoding, and the influence of automatic behaviors; it is often associated with forgetting to do things in the future
Describe blocking *7 sins
blocking occurs when stored information is temporarily inaccessible
*tip of the tongue
Describe persistence *7 sins
persistence reflects the fact that emotional arousal generally leads to enhanced memory
Describe memory misattribution *7 sins
memory misattribution happens when we experience a sense of familiarity but don’t recall the specifics of when and where an experience occurred
Describe suggestibility *7 sins
suggestibility gives rise to implanted memories of small details or entire episodes
Describe bias *7 sins
bias can lead us to make the past consistent with the present, to exaggerate changes between past and present, or to remember the past in a way that makes us look good
What are the 3 key functions of memory?
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
What are the 3 types of encoding processes?
- semantic
- visual-imagery
- organizational
What is semantic encoding?
a process of relating new info in meaningful ways to knowledge already stored in memory
*associated with activity in lower frontal lobe/ inner part of left temporal lobe
What is visual-imagery encoding?
the process of storing memory by converting to mental pictures
two place holders: visual/verbal
What is organizational encoding?
a process of encoding info by categorizing according to relationship among series of itmes
What is encoding of survival-related info?
features of an organism that help it survive/ reproduce that are passed to later generations
*includes semantic, visual, and organizational encoding
What are the 3 types of memory storage?
- sensory
- short-term
- long-term
what is sensory storage?
type of storage that holds sensory info for few seconds or less
What are the two types of sensory storage?
- iconic: a fast-decaying image of visual info
- echoic: a fast-decaying store of auditory info
What is short-term storage?
a type of storage that holds non-sensory info for more than a few seconds
*decays quickly without rehearsal
What is the serial-position effect?
refers to observation that first few/ last few items are easier to remember
What is chunking?
chunking involves combining info into large clusters to make them easier to remember
What is working memory?
*type of short-term storage
refers to active maintenance of info in short term storage
What are the 4 subsystems of working memory?
- visual spatial + phonological loop
- episodic buffer
- central executive
What is anterograde amnesia?
inability to integrate new info from short term memory into long term memory
What is retrograde amnesia?
inability to retrieve info that was acquired before certain date of injury
What are retrieval cues?
retrieval cues are external info that is associated with stored info that helps bring memories to mind
What are the two types of long term memory?
- implicit
- explicit
What is implicit memory?
memory not consciously recalled, but their presence is implied by behavior
What is explicit memory?
semantic and episodic - consciously or intentionally recalled
What is priming?
priming makes memories more accessible…. refers to enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as result of recent exposure during an earlier task
*apart of implicit memory
What are the two types of explicit memory?
- semantic
- episodic
What is retroactive/ proactive interference?
- retroactive interference is when later learning impairs prior memory
- proactive interference is when prior memory impacts later learning
