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GRE Psych > Learning & Ethology > Flashcards

Learning & Ethology Flashcards

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1
Q

Altruism

A

A form of helping behavior where the animal’s intent is to benefit other animals at some cost to itself

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2
Q

Behavioral Contracts

A

A therapeutic technique that is a negotiated agreement between two parties that explicitly stipulates the behavioral change that is desired and indicates consequences of certain acts

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Also known as respondent conditioning, it is a result of learning connections between different events

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4
Q

Conditioned Response

A

In classical conditioning, it is the learned response to a conditioned stimulus

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5
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

In classical conditioning, it is a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

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6
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

In operant conditioning, it is a stimulus condition that indicates that the organism’s behavior will have consequences

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7
Q

Ethology

A

The study of animals in their natural environment

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8
Q

Fixed-Action Pattern

A

A behavior that is relatively stereotyped and appears to be species-typical

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9
Q

Fixed-Interval (FI)

A

In operant conditioning, it is when the behavior is reinforced on the first response after a fixed period of time since the last reinforcement

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10
Q

Fixed-Ratio (FR)

A

In operant conditioning, it is when behavior is reinforced after a fixed number of responses

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11
Q

Flooding

A

A behavior modification technique used to treat anxiety disorders by exposing the client to the anxiety-producing stimulus

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12
Q

Garcia Effect

A

Named after researcher John Garcia, it is basically food aversion that occurs when people attribute illness to a particular food

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13
Q

Imprinting

A

An attachment bond between an organism and an object in the environment

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14
Q

Law of Effect

A

Proposed by E. L. Thorndike, the law holds that if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future

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15
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

The probability that the desired response will be performed is increased by removing something undesirable whenever the desired response is made

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16
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Instrumental conditioning, reward learning, is based on learning the relationship between one’s actions and their consequences

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17
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

The tendency of people to stop liking something that they previously enjoyed because of receiving a reward for the behavior

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18
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increasing the probability that a desired response will be performed by reinforcing (rewarding) that response when it does occur

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19
Q

Premack Principle

A

A more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity

Ex: Parents telling kids to do their homework before they can play

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20
Q

Preparedness

A

Inborn tendency to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences (John Garcia)

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21
Q

Punishment

A

The probability that a response will be made is decreased by giving the organism something undesirable whenever the response is made

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22
Q

Shaping

A

In operant conditioning, it is the process of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior

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23
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

A technique used to treat phobias by pairing the object of fear with relaxation

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24
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

In classical conditioning, it is a response that occurs without any behavioral conditioning - like a reflex

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25
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

In classical conditioning, it is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response, without any behavioral conditioning

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26
Q

Variable Interval (VI)

A

In operant conditioning, it is when a behavior is reinforced at the first response made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement

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27
Q

Variable-Ratio (VR)

A

In operant conditioning, it is when behavior is reinforced after a varying number of responses

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28
Q

Type(s) of operant conditioning that will increase the probability of a particular response

A

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

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29
Q

EO Wilson is a major proponent of…

A

Sociobiology

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30
Q

Sociobiology

A

Branch of science that investigates the effect various social behaviors have on fitness

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31
Q

Reproductive fitness

A

Takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce

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32
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce and the number of other relatives who live to reproductive age

33
Q

Acquisition

A

Describes the period of time during which an organism is learning the association of the stimuli

Ex: Dog is learning to associate bell with salivation

34
Q

Extinction

A

Process by which something that has been learned through classical conditioning is unlearned

Ex: Dog taught to salivate at the sound of the bell is unconditioned by the researcher no longer presenting food at the sound of the bell. Eventually the dog will unlearn this conditioned response to the sound of the bell

35
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Process by which something that was previously learned through classical conditioning becomes unlearned through extinction, but then can be relearned again (but usually does not have strong of a response)

Ex: Dog taught to salivate at the sound of the bell, unlearns this (extinction), but then relearns it again

36
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response.

Ex: Dog might salivate to bells of a different pitch or timbre; child bitten by a large dog might also be afraid of small dogs

37
Q

Second-Order Conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus paired up with a conditioned stimulus (rather than an UCS), and eventually learns to respond the same as if it was the UCS or CS

Ex: Dog is presented with bell and a flash of light (but not food powder) and eventually dog will learn to salivate at the flash of the light

38
Q

Sensory Preconditioning

A

Two neutral stimuli paired together (no UCR)
One neutral stimuli paired with UCS (UCR)
Eventually, neutral stimuli yields CR and thus becomes CS
When other original neutral stimulus is presented, CR will occur

39
Q

Factors that make classical conditioning more likely to occur

A

Contiguity - CS and UCS are contiguous (near) in time
Contingency - CS is a good signal for UCS
Blocking - CS is a good signal for UCS and provides nonredundant info about the occurrence of UCS

40
Q

Contiguity

A

CS and UCS are contiguous (near) in time

41
Q

Contingency

A

CS must be a good signal for UCS

42
Q

Blocking

A

CS must be a good signal for UCS AND provide nonredundant info about the occurrence of UCS

Ex:
Rats hear noise (CS) + Shock (UCS) = Fear
Noise (CS)/Light at same time + Shock = Fear
Light was not associated with shock alone, so rat did not have a fear response to itf

43
Q

Escape

A

Negative reinforcement type where behavior removes something undesirable

Ex: Loud buzzer to remind you to buckle your seat belt

44
Q

Avoidance

A

Negative reinforcement type where organism gets a warning that an aversive stimulus will soon occur and so organism chooses to avoid the aversive stimulus

Ex: Stop at stop signs to avoid getting into a crash

45
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF)

A

In operant conditioning, where an organism is reinforced after every response

46
Q

Implosion

A

Behavior therapy where client imagines a fearful situation to confront the phobia

47
Q

Counter-Conditioning

A

Technique where a behavior that’s incompatible with undesired behavior is introduced in hopes that new behavior will overcome undesired behavior

Ex: Imagine a low-anxiety situation in a highly relaxed state, and gradually work up to imagining the high-anxiety situation since relaxation and anxiety are seemingly incompatible

48
Q

Conditioned Aversion

A

Stimulus that attracts the client becomes paired with aversive unconditioned stimulus associated with a punishment to make it so that the client no longer wants to be attracted to the aversive behavior

Ex: Smoking addictions, alcoholism, people with various fetishes

49
Q

Time Out

A

Removing the client from the potentially reinforcing situation before he can receive reinforcement from the undesirable behavior

50
Q

Token Economies

A

Given for desirable behaviors and taken away for undesirable behaviors; tokens can later be exchanged for a variety of privileges

Ex: Star chart

51
Q

Believed problem solving is due to trial-and-error learning

A

Thorndike

52
Q

Believed problem solving to be insightful (latent learning)

A

Koehler

53
Q

Cognitive Maps

A

Animals have mental maps of physical spaces (Tolman)

54
Q

Observational Learning

A

Observing others’ behavior can affect your own behavior (Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment)

55
Q

Instinctual Drift

A

Instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning (Keller and Marion Breland)

Ex: Raccoon learning to put coin in a piggy bank but could not learn to do it because action resembled how raccoon handles crayfish in wild

56
Q

Enabled the construction of controlled conditions outside of a lab (experimental methods into the field)

A

Niko Tinbergen

57
Q

Sign stimuli (Releaser)

A

Features of a stimulus that is sufficient in bringing about a particular FAP (Fixed-action Pattern - innate behavior)

58
Q

Supernormal Stimulus

A

A model more effective at triggering a Fixed-Action Pattern (FAP) than the actual sign stimulus found in nature

59
Q

Innate Releasing Mechanism (IRM)

A

A mechanism in the animal’s nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct FAP’s

60
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

A

Behaviors that prevent animals of one species from attempting to mate with animals of a closely related species

Ex: Black-headed gull males have a specific call that enable their females to find them

61
Q

Bandura

A

Studied observational learning

62
Q

Breland, K. and Breland, M.

A

Discovered and studied instinctual drift

63
Q

Darwin, C

A

Proposed a theory of evolution with natural selection as its centerpiece

64
Q

Garcia, J

A

Studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

65
Q

Koehler, W

A

Studied insight in problem solving

66
Q

Lorenz, K

A

Ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment

67
Q

Pavlov

A

Discovered the basic principles for classical conditioning

68
Q

Premack, D

A

Suggested the Premack Principle: that a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

69
Q

Rescorla, R

A

Performed experiments that showed continguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning

70
Q

Skinner, BF

A

Developed principles of operant conditioning

71
Q

Thorndike, E

A

Proposed law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats

72
Q

Tinbergen, N

A

Ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations

73
Q

von Frisch, K

A

Ethologist who studied communication in honeybees

74
Q

Watson, J

A

Performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning

75
Q

Wilson, EO

A

Developed sociobiology

76
Q

Wolpe, J

A

Developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias

77
Q

Therapies based on Classical Conditioning

A

Flooding
Implosion
Systematic Desensitization
Conditioned Aversion

78
Q

Therapies based on Operant Conditioning

A

Contingency Management
Behavioral Contract
Time-out
Premack Principle

GRE Psych (4 decks)

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