Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Devised the “strange situation” to study attachment
Mary Ainsworth
Studied the relationship between parental style and aggression
Diana Baumrind
Studied attachment in human children
John Bowlby
Linguist who studied that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition
Noam Chomsky
Outlined 8 stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan
Erik Erikson
Outlined 5 stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development
Sigmund Freud
Believed that development was due primarily to maturation
Arnold Gesell
Suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality
Carol Gilligan
The founder of developmental psychology
G. Stanley Hall
Used monkeys and “surrogate mothers” to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation
Harry Harlow
Studied moral development using moral dilemmas
Lawrence Kohlberg
British philosopher who suggested that infants had now predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabulas rasa) to be written on by experience
John Locke
Studied imprinting in birds
Konrad Lorenz
Outlined 4 stages of cognitive development
Jean Piaget
French philosopher who studied that development could unfold without help from society
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Performed longitudinal study on gifted children
Lewis Terman
Studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats
R. C. Tryon
Studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
Lev Vygotsky
Compare groups of subjects at different ages
Cross-sectional studies
Compare a specific group of people over an extended period of time
Longitudinal studies
Combine cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods
Sequential cohort studies
Austrian monk who observed the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants and hypothesized the existence of the basic unit of heredity
Gregor Mendel
Basic unit of heredity
gene
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
allele
Total genetic complement (genetic makeup) of an individual
genotype
Total collection of expressed traits that is the individual’s observable characteristics
phenotype
Another name for identical twins; share 100% of genes
Monozygotic (MZ)
Another name for fraternal twins; share 50% of genes
Dizygotic (DZ)
A form of severe mental retardation that results from an extra 21st chromosome
Down’s syndrome
A genetic defect in which the child lacks the enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine; can be controlled with a strict diet
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Found in males with an extra X chromosome (XXY configuration); this makes them sterile and often have mental retardation
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Found in females with only one X chromosome; individuals often have physical abnormalities such as short fingers and unusually shaped mouths
Turner’s syndrome
The sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell and forms a single cell
Zygote
The fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and is implanted into uterine wall
Germinal period
The 8 weeks following the germinal period; embryo increases in size by 2 million percent
Embryonic period
Begins in the 3rd month with measurable electrical activity in the fetus’ brain
Fetal period
Neonatal reflex where infants automatically turn their heads in the direction of stimuli applied to the cheek
Rooting
Neonatal reflex where infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, bringing their arms back to their body and then hugging themselves
Moro
Neonatal reflex where infants’ toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated
Babinski
Neonatal reflex where infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands
Grasping