Learning Disability Flashcards
What are the three main features of ADHD?
When ADHD is present in adults, what tends to differ about these features when compared to children?
Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Adults have more prominent inattention, with less hyperactivity and impulsivity
The key features of ADHD, co-existing with a cluster of other symptoms relating to self regulation, should be present before what age?
How many of each type of symptom are needed for a diagnosis in children?
How many of each type of symptom are needed for a diagnosis in adults?
Age 5
6 or more symptoms of inattentiveness, and/or 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsiveness
5 or more symptoms of inattentivess, and/or 5 or more symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsiveness
What are some features of how ADHD can interfere with daily life, mainly in adults?
Underperforming in work/education
Driving dangerously
Difficulty with friendships and relationships
In both adults and children with ADHD, there is an increased likelihood of what?
What is there an increase of in adults with ADHD compared to children?
Antisocial behaviour
Psychiatric co-morbidities
If parents already have a child who is affected with ADHD, what is the risk of having another one?
What is the function of the genes potentially responsible for causing ADHD?
There is most evidence for what perinatal factor causing ADHD?
In the neurobiology of the condition, there is typically underactivity of which brain lobe?
15%
Dopamine and serotonin transport
Maternal smoking and alcohol use
Frontal lobe
What intervention is used in all cases of ADHD, no matter how severe?
What is used in moderate-severe cases only?
Psychosocial interventions
Pharmacological management
Give some examples of the 1st line drugs for ADHD, what type of drug are these?
Atomoxetine is a second line drug for ADHD, to which class of drugs does this belong?
Methylphenidate, dexamphetamine - these are stimulants
SNRIs
What is the 3rd line drug for ADHD and what is its mechanism?
Give some examples of drugs that can be used 4th line in the treatment of ADHD?
Clonidine - alpha agonist
Anti-depressant e.g. imipramine, anti-psychotic e.g. risperidone
Methylphenidate is a drug used to treat ADHD. This increases production of which neurotransmitter(s)?
Dexamphetamine is a drug used to treat ADHD. This increases production of which neurotransmitter(s)?
Dopamine
Dopamine, noradrenaline and potentially serotonin
What are the different disorders which are grouped under the term ASD?
Which features of ASD do all of these have in common?
Rett’s syndrome
Asperger’s syndrome
Childhood autism
Pervasive developmental disorder
Difficulties in social communication and social interaction
ASD is 5x more common in which gender?
Children with ASD are more likely to have what other problem?
What is the concordance rate in monozygotic twins?
Males
Gender idenity problems
90%
What are some screening questionnaires that can be used for ASD?
What is the standardised assessment tool for ASD?
3di / DISCO
Autism diagnostic observation schedule
What are some emotional conditions which often occur alongside ASD?
What are some neurodevelopmental disorders that may occur alongside ASD?
Depression, anxiety, eating disorders
Tourette’s/OCD, ADHD, dyslexia/dyspraxia, language impairment
70% of people with ASD have an IQ of less than what?
35% have an IQ of less than what?
What are some medical conditions which often occur alongside ASD?
70
50
Hearing and visual impairment, epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis
What is a non-pharmacological treatment which can be useful for ASD?
Is there a medical intervention which treats the core symptoms of ASD?
What is a medication that can be used and what is it used for?
Self and family psychoeducation
No
Risperidone - for management of severe aggression and significant self injury