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CASC > Learning Disabilities > Flashcards

Learning Disabilities Flashcards

1
Q

Define LD

A

LD includes the presence of:
o A significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information or to learn new skills
o A reduced ability to cope independently
o An impairment that started before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development

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2
Q

Categories of LD

A

o Mild: 50-69
o Moderate: 35-49
o Severe: 20-34
o Profound: < 20

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3
Q

Prevalence of LD

A

1-3%

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4
Q

Age group with highest incidence of LD

A

10-14 years

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5
Q

M:F ratio of LD

A

1.5:1

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6
Q

Prevalence of different types of LD

A

Mild - 85%
Moderate - 10%
Severe - 4%
Profound - 102%

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7
Q

How many people with LD have another MH problem?

A

75%

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8
Q

How much earlier do people with LD die compared to the general population?

A

13-20 years

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9
Q

What is secondary prevention of LD?

A

Early recognition, diagnosis, good medical care and rehab to avoid and reduce damage which could lead to LD - planning or genetic counselling after birth of child with genetic disorder, screening and early treatment of congenital hypothyroidism and PKU

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10
Q

How many offenders have LD?

A

30%

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11
Q

Prevalence of MH problems in those with LD

A

30-50%

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12
Q

Prevalence of SCZ in LD

A

3%

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13
Q

Prevalence of Bipolar in LD

A

1.5%

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14
Q

Prevalence of depression in LD

A

4%

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15
Q

Prevalence of agoraphobia in LD

A

1.5%

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16
Q

Prevalence of OCD in LD

A

2.5%

17
Q

Prevalence of Autism in LD

A

7%

18
Q

Prevalence of severe problem behaviour in LD

A

10-15%

19
Q

What is PAS-ADD?

A

Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disabilities - allows for diagnosis under ICD-10 in people with LD through semi-structured interview

20
Q

Increase in risk of SCZ in people with LD

A

3x increase

21
Q

Prevalence of Dementia in those with Downs

A

o 1 in 50 of those aged 30-39
o 1 in 10 of those aged 40-49
o 1 in 3 of those aged 50-59
o > 50% of those over 60

22
Q

Increase risk of Alzheimers in those with Downs

A

3x increase

23
Q

Predisposing factors for behavioural problems in LD

A 
o Sensory disabilities
o Poor communication
o Epilepsy
o Physical illness-ear infections, dental problems and constipation
o Medication
o Limited range of coping strategies
o Abuse
o Environmental factors
24
Q

How many people with LD show challenging behaviour

A

7%

14% in hospital

25
Q

What factors are associated with self-injurious behaviour in those with LD?

A 
Moderate-severe LD
Aged 10-30
Adverse environmental conditions
Depression
Certain LD like Fragile X
26
Q

Psychological treatments

A

CBT for anxiety, depression and anger
Behavioural techniques to change maladaptive patterns of behaviour like phobias and inappropriate sexual behaviour
ABC charts

27
Q

Major risk factor for Downs

A

Maternal age >40

28
Q

Incidence of Downs

A

1 in 1000 live births

29
Q

Incidence of Downs depending on mothers age

A

1:2,500 in women less than 30 years old
1:80 over 40
years old
1:32 when the mother is 45 years or older.

30
Q

Clinical features of Downs in the newborn

A

general hypotonia
oblique palpebral fissures, small flattened skull
high cheekbones
protruding tongue

31
Q

Congenital defects in Downs

A

Congenital heart defects (-50%) such as VSD, mitral valve disease, patent ductus
arteriosus
GI abnormalities such as oesophageal atresia, Hirschsprung disease, umbilical and
inguinal hernia
Eye defects such as strabismus and myopia Hearing defects such as otitis media
and sensorineural deafness Endocrine abnormalities include hypothyroidism and
diabetes.

32
Q

Average IQ in Downs

A

50

33
Q

When does IQ decrease in Downs

A

Ages 1-30

34
Q

Prevalence of Dementia in Downs

A 
0-4% under 30 years of age
2-33% for 30-39 years of age
8-55% for 40-49 years of
age
20-55% for 50-59 years of age
29-75% for 60-69 years of age.
35
Q

How many adults with Downs have epilepsy

A

10%

36
Q

Main cause of death in Downs

A

<1 is congenital heart disease

Up to 30 - bronchopneumonia

CASC (16 decks)

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