learning content

Question 1

according to operant conditioning how is everything learnt

Answer 1

everything is learnt through reinforcement - if result of behaviour is good you are more likely to do it again and vice versa

Question 2

what is thorndikes puzzle boxes

Answer 2

• cats were put in puzzle boxes
• cats had to get out to get food
• more times cat was put in the faster it got out

Question 3

what is skinners box

Answer 3

• rats in a box
• when push lever presented with food
• the other lever gave another effect e.g. electric shock

Question 4

what is positive punishment

Answer 4

something bad happens if you dont do behaviour - dont do chores so mam shouts at you

Question 5

what is negative punishment

Answer 5

something is taken away if you dont do behaviour - mam takes phone

Question 6

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 6

given reward so repeat behaviour - do homework get praise

Question 7

what is negative reinforcement

Answer 7

avoid a consequence by doing behaviour so repeat behaviour - avoid detention by doing homework so continue doing homework

Question 8

what is shaping

Answer 8

gradual change in behaviour through changing goals until desired behaviour

Question 9

how do you do shaping

Answer 9

• reward similar behaviours to desired behaviour
• slowly change what you specifically reward until only rewarding the desired behaviour

Question 10

what is a primary reinforcer

Answer 10

used to satisfy a basic survival need such as food and water

Question 11

what is a secondary reinforcer

Answer 11

only fulfilling because they are associated with a primary reinforcer such as money to buy food

Question 12

what are the 5 schedules of reinforcement

Answer 12

• continuous
• fixed interval
• variable interval
• fixed ratio
• variable ratio

Question 13

what is continuous schedule of reinforcement

Answer 13

when you reward behaviour every single time its done

Question 14

what is fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 14

reward behaviour after a certain period of time - time scale same each time

Question 15

what is variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 15

rewarded after a certain period of time but amount of time you need to wait varies

Question 16

what is fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 16

rewarded after repeating the behaviour a certain number of times - same number each time

Question 17

what is variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 17

rewarded after a number of behaviours - number changes each time

Question 18

strengths of operant conditioning

Answer 18

S - Thorndike and Skinner - learned how to get out of puzzle boxes when rewarded for escaping - supports that we learn through reinforcement
U - school settings children learning languages etc
U - token economies used in prison etc to shape behaviours - collect tokens based on good behaviour used to get rewards
SHAPING
^ -> gradual so easy to engage with

Question 19

weaknesses of operant conditioning

Answer 19

C - Thorndike and skinner OTOH research was done on animals -> not applicable to how humans learn because humans are more complex
T - not empirical as dont know you do some thing for a reward
O - may immitate behaviour from some one else, may do certain behaviours because they keep you alive
SHAPING
^-> controlling as suggesting there is a right and wrong way to behave

Question 20

what are the components of social learning theory

Answer 20

• attention
• retention
• reproduction
• motivation

Question 21

what is attention in slt

Answer 21

you see your role model do a behaviour and see them get a reward

Question 22

what is retention in slt

Answer 22

you remember the reward and the behaviour the role model did

Question 23

what is reproduction in slt

Answer 23

you reproduce the behaviour you seen the role model do

Question 24

what is motivation in slt

Answer 24

you are motivated by the reward you seen the role model get so you do the behaviour to get the same reward

Question 26

how is everything learned in classical conditioning

Answer 26

learning through association

Question 27

what are the 3 stages of cc

Answer 27

UCS ----> UCR UCS + NS ---> UCR CS ----> CR

Question 28

what is UCS , UCR , NS , CR , CS and what do they do

Answer 28

UCS - unconditioned stimulus - naturally leads to a response didn't learn it UCR - naturally occurring response to a stimulus NS - neutral stimulus doesn't naturally lead to a response CR - conditioned response learned response CS - conditioned stimulus learned specific response

Question 29

what is generalisation in cc

Answer 29

extend response to similar stimuli

Question 30

what is discrimination in cc

Answer 30

response only occurs to one specific stimuli

Question 31

what is extinction in cc

Answer 31

loss of conditioned response

Question 32

what is spontaneous recovery

Answer 32

previously extinct response comes back

Question 33

strengths of classical conditioning

Answer 33

- supporting by pavlov who found dogs could associate a neutral stimuli (bell) with food. demonstrates that animal can learn by association - empirical formula that is measured directly through human behaviour - useful for explaining phobias which have occurred through association makes it more credible

Question 34

weaknesses of classical conditioning

Answer 34

- ignores biological explanations of behaviour such as genetics, some phobias are for evolutionary origin. - deterministic as it says you are merely operating through the formula you have no choice in your actions - research done on animals may not apply directly to humans this means pavlov gathered on animals might not explain how humans learn meaning incomplete theory.

Question 35

what is systematic desensitization

Answer 35

a process to treat phobias through classical conditioning involves gradual exposure to phobic stimuli

Question 36

what are the 4 stages

Answer 36

functional analysis anxiety hierarchy relaxation training gradual exposure

Question 37

what happens in stage 1

Answer 37

a convo between therapist and client to identify the nature of the anxiety and triggers

Question 38

what happens in stage 2

Answer 38

working jointly to create a hierarchy of fear from least fearful to most fearful

Question 39

what happens in stage 3

Answer 39

client is taught how to relax through various methods such as deep breathing, visualisation

Question 40

what happens in stage 4

Answer 40

working through hierarchy becoming accustomed to a level before moving on

Question 41

what is systematic desensitization based on

Answer 41

reciprocal inhibition - you cant feel calm and fear at the same time counter conditioning - replace a fear response with a calm response

Question 42

strengths of systematic desensitization

Answer 42

- mcgrath et al found 75% respond to therapy is a effective phobia therapy - fairly ethical compared to other therapies such as flooding but does still have ethical issues as they have ways to deal with psychological damage - can be done at a distance/ self administered through a computer, client can control whenever they move on and are in charge

Question 43

weakness of systematic desensitization

Answer 43

- boulougouris 16 participants half got one therapy half got the other flooding was better and lasted longer flooding is more effective so makes this less useful

Question 44

what is flooding based on

Answer 44

based on classical conditioning on the basis that fear cannot be maintained for a long period of time

Question 45

what is flooding

Answer 45

a person is put into a situation with their fear for a prolonged period of time where escape is not possible

Question 46

what is a phobia

Answer 46

an extreme or irrational fear or aversion to something