Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Neuroscience > Learning and Memory, Speech, Language, Cerebral Dominance, and Cortical Function > Flashcards

Learning and Memory, Speech, Language, Cerebral Dominance, and Cortical Function Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which area of the brain deals with primitive emotional responses like fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which region of the brain deals with the highest cognitive functions (judgement, morality, compassion) and has control over emotions?

A

Frontal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which region of the brain deals with production of art and appreciated of art as an emotion?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which area of the brain deals with storage of emotional memories?

A

Amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which area deals with episodic memory that are activated and inhibited by emotionality?

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The ability of synapses to change their strength in response to experience and a cellular model of learning and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which receptors in the cellular model for learning and memory have basal synaptic transmission ?

A

AMPA receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which receptors are blocked by Mg+ but when depolarized lead to Calcium entry and are important for synaptic plasticity?

A

NMDA receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spatial Memory (the water maze) is dependent on which brain region vs contextual fear conditioning?

A

Hippocampal vs Amygdala dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Term for enhancing synaptic strength

A

long term potentiation (LTP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Term for depressing synaptic strength

A

long- term depressiong 9LTD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which molecule downregulates AMPA receptors by dephosphorylation?

A

calcineuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which receptor upregulates AMPA receptors by phosphorylation and contributes to synaptic plasticity?

A

CaMKII activated by Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is neurogranin’s role in synaptic plasticity?

A

Controls synaptic plasticity through its regulation of CaM availability

Low CaM>calcineurin>LTD
High CaM>CaMKII> LTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is associated with synaptic plasticity imbalance and decreased neurogranin and easier activation of Calcineuron?

A

aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which side is most commonly dominant and what does this mean?

A

Left- language is on the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the condition that occurs after early hemisphere damage where development of language shifts to the right hemisphere at the expense of development of cognitive capacities typically associated with the right hemisphere such as visual-spatial skills?

A

crowding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is pathological left-handedness?

A

left-handedness as occured because early injury to the left hemisphere caused a shift in natural handedness patern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If you wanted to know the handedness of a patient which task could you have them perform?

A

Hand-writing

can also ask hand used to throw, eat or cut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What percentage of people are right handed?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are two methods for measuring dominance? Which is less invasive?

A

Intracarotid Amobarbital Test (IAT)- surgical tx to anesthetize one hemisphere and test the other hemisphere

vs. Functional Neuroimaging fMRI much less invasive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are right or left handers more likely to have bilateral or right cerebral dominance?

A

left handers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is associated with pathological left-handedness?

A

early damage from sz or trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name 4 areas of language?

A

left frontal, parietal, temporal lobes, and right cerebellum

25
Q

What may be more predictive of atypical dominance than left-handedness?

A

family hx of left handedness

26
Q

How well a patient develops language functions after injury is predicted by what?

A

age at the time of injury

27
Q

A patient with past history of left hemisphere injury comes in and language functions are okay but they have some cognitive deficiets…how old were they when the injury occured?

A

less than 1

28
Q

Another patient comes in with visual-spatial problems but their language is okay. What ages could they have been when they had left cerebral injury?

A

1-5

29
Q

After what age is language no longer spared with left hemisphere injury?

A

5

30
Q

When does cross-dominance occur?

A

Injury to the core or central speech zones

31
Q

Term for absence of speech and likely lesion?

A

Mutism caused by bifrontal brain disease or supp. motor region lesion

32
Q

Vocal cord innervation problems lead to?

A

Aphonia (no sound production)

33
Q

The term for loss of capacity to verbalize, patient may grunt or produce sounds but no clear words?

A

Aphemia- lesion below Broca’s area damages final common path

34
Q

Impaired capacity to articulate speech due to impaired neuromuscular control?

A

Dysarthria

35
Q

All aphasias can be classified by the integrity of what?

A

FLUENCY, comprehension, repetition

36
Q

Non-fluent aphasias tend to occur with dysfunction in which region?

A

anterior regions

37
Q

Fluent aphasias occur with dysfunction in which region?

A

posterior regions

38
Q

What is a literal paraphasia vs. verbal paraphasia?

A

bork for fork vs spoon for fork

39
Q

Fluency is evaluated on what 3 dimensions?

A

phrase length (6-7), degree of effort, prosody (melodic elements)

40
Q

What tool can you use to evaluate fluency of speech?

A

“Cookie Theft Card” or open ended questions

41
Q

What is the core language zone according to the Wernick-Geshwind Model of Language

A

zones around the sylgvian fissure, Wernkickes, Brocas and the arcuate fasiculus connecting them

42
Q

Which area is critical to repetition speech?

A

arcuate fasciculus the whitematter between Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area

43
Q

Which are intact in Broca’s Aphasia

a. Fluency
b. Comprehension
c. Repetition

A

only b. comprehension

44
Q

Which are intact in Wernicke’s Aphasia

a. Fluency
b. Comprehension
c. Repetition

A

only. a fluency

45
Q

Which aphasias is repetition preserved?

A

transcortical motor and sensory

46
Q

What is a transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

fluent aphasia with language comprehension deficiets at the word level, usually lesion of the angular gyrus or posterior and inferior temporal lobe

47
Q

Is alteration of consciousness may due to a lesion where?

A

Usually not unless very broad diffuse damage to the cortex
Brainstem ARAS (reticular activating system)
Bilateral Thalami
Bilateral Cerebral Hemispheres

48
Q

Anterior cortex vs posterior cortex deal with which functions?

A

Anterior motor

posterior perception- sensory

49
Q

Activation of the primary cortex leads to what specific issue?

A

Jacksonian March seizure that spreads along motor cortex

50
Q

What is a term for lack of tone?

A

Aprosodia

51
Q

Which side of the brain handles music?

A

R

52
Q

Which side of the brain handles tones?

A

L

53
Q

What occurs in frontotemporal dementia (Pick’s disease)?

A

change in personality, poor judgement, inappropriate behavior

54
Q

Which part of the frontal cortex deals with resiliency and adaptability and contains the micturition inhibitory center?

A

Medial Frontal cortex

55
Q

Which side of the post. hemisphere is associated with neglect?

A

Right

56
Q

A patient is no longer able to dress themselves or brush their hair although they know what to do?

A

Apraxia

57
Q

What is Gertmann Syndrome?

A

Angular gyrus L parietal lobe- agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, R/L confusion

58
Q

A 78 year old patient suffers ischemic stroke in left MCA which symptoms are expected?

A

Right hemiparesis, inability to calculate, inability to comprehend, gaze to the left, inattention to objects in right visual field

59
Q

An 82 y/o patient suffers ischedmic stroke that leads her with right superior hemiquandrantanopia ( can’t see right upper quandrant of visual fields) what else would be expected?

A

Inability to comprehend

Medical Neuroscience (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions