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Medical Neuroscience > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What three systems is the hypothalamus functionally related to?

A
  1. Autonomic
  2. Limbic
  3. Endocrine
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2
Q

What separates the thalamus from the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamic sulcus

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3
Q

What are the three zones of the hypothalamus?

A

periventricular, medial, lateral

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4
Q

What separates the medial and lateral zones of the hypothalamus?

A

fornix ventrally

mammillary bodies posteriorly

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5
Q

The lateral zone is traversed by fibers of what?

A

medial forebrain bundle

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6
Q

The lateral preoptic nucleus is derived from which embryonic layer

A

telencephalon

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7
Q

The lateral hypothalamic area is involved in what function?

What would a lesion here cause?

A

feeding center, contains peptide neurotransmitters involved in food intake

Lesion here causes anorexia

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8
Q

What is the function of the tuberomammillary nucleus?

A

large neurons that release histamine ti the forebrain which plays a role in arrousal and attention, it is actively inhibited during sleep

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9
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the medial zone?

A

pre-optic
anterior (supraoptic)
middle (tuberal)
posterior (mammillary)

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10
Q

Which nucleus houses neurons that regulate gonadotropin secretion from the adenohypophysis and contains the sexually dimorphic nucleus?

A

Medial Preoptic Nucleus

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11
Q

Which nucleus receives direct input from the retina and plays a critical role in circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

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12
Q

Which nucleus lies between the supra-chiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei and is involved in temp regulation that dissipates heat? What is one other function of this nucleus?

A

Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus

drives parasympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

What would a lesion of the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus cause?

A

Hyperthermia (involves heat dissipation)

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14
Q

What is the function of the paraventricular nucleus?

A

release neuropeptides such as vasopressin and oxytocin and CRH

also has spinal projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons

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15
Q

Which two nuclei have roles in autonomic function?

A

Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus and Paraventricular Nucleus

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16
Q

What is the function of the supraoptic nucleus?

A

contains neurons that synthesize vasopressein and oxytocin

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17
Q

Which nucleus is involved in blood pressure regulation and some agression?

A

Dorsomedial Nucleus

18
Q

Which nucleus relays ingestion-related signals to the brainstem (satiety center)?

A

Ventromedial Nucleus

19
Q

Where is the arcuate nucleus located?

A

Tuber Cinereum with projections to the median eminence of the adenohypophysis

20
Q

What is the function of the arcuate nucleus?

A

controls release of adenohypophyseal hormones, hormone releasing factors, and a prominent role in feeding behavior

21
Q

Which nucleus is involved in thermoregulation for heat production in response to cold ?

A

Posterior Nucleus

22
Q

A lesion bilaterally to the posterior nucleus leads to what condition.

A

Poikilothermia- inability to thermoregulate

23
Q

What is the function of the mammillary nucleus?

A

Limbic, receive input from the hippocampus via the fornix and project to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus via the mamillothalamic tract.

24
Q

What problem is associated with damage to the mammillary nucleus?

A

Memory disturbances

25
Q

What two regions does the fornix connect?

A

hippocampus to the mammillary bodies

26
Q

Which tract connects the mammillary bodies to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

mamillothalamic tract

27
Q

What does the stria terminalis connect?

A

amygdala to the medial zone of the hypothalamus

28
Q

What complex fiber pathway extends through the lateral hypothalamic zone, interconnecting regions from the septal nuclei to the brainstem?

A

medial forebrain bundle

29
Q

What is the name of the tract that conducts fibers from the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus to the neurohypophysis and what hormones are synthesized by these neurons?

A

Supraopticohypophyseal tract syntheszies AVP or oxytocin

30
Q

Which axons carry neuropeptide releasing of inhibiting factors from the arcuate nucleus that act on anterior pituitary cells?

A

Tuberoinfundibular tract

31
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamospinal tract and where does it originate?

A

Descending axons that regulate spinal cord preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

originates in the paraventricular nucleus

32
Q

Describe Papez Circuit

A

hippocampus to mamillary body to ant. thalamic nuclei to cingulate gyrus then cingulum back to hippocampus

33
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved in stress response?

A

Release of cortisol, and sympathetic connections parasympathetic neurons of the brainstem are actively inhibited

34
Q

Which nuclei are involved in feeding and energy metabolism?

A

arcuate, lateral and ventromedial

35
Q

Which hormone decreased food intake?

A

leptin

36
Q

What does a craniopharngioma cause and why?

A

bitemporal hemianopia due to pressure on the chiasm, pressure on the hypothalamus also results in hypothalamic syndrome of adiposity, diabetes insipidus, temperatures regulation problems, and somnolence

37
Q

What is a congential tumor that originates from Rathke’s pouch and is the most common supratentorial tumor in children?

A

craniopharngioma

38
Q

What is the name of the syndrome that is caused by thiamine deficiency in chronic alcoholism that leads to memory disturbances ?

A

Korsakoff Syndrome

39
Q

An adolescent male presents to your clinic and states he is very tired all the time but is craving sex and is eating all of the time even when he isn’t hungry. What is causing his sx and what is the name for the disorder?

A

Klein-Levin Syndrom- hypothalamic lesion in adolescent males decreased dopaminergic tone

40
Q

A lesion in the suprachiasmatic nucleus will lead to what?

A

insomnia can occur from Alzheimers or shift work

Medical Neuroscience (6 decks)

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