Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology of CNS > Learning and memory and Alzheimer's disease > Flashcards

Learning and memory and Alzheimer's disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

Acquisition of new information or knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

Storage or retention of acquired knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of engram?

A

Physical representation or location of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 classes of memory?

A

Declarative, Emotional and Procedural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Declarative memory includes:

A

Daily episodes
Words and meanings
History

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Emotional memory includes:

A

Preferences and aversions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Procedural memory includes:

A

Motor skills
Associations
Priming cues
Puzzle solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which areas of the brain are associated with Procedural memory?

A

Cerebellum and striatum

Brainstem and spinal motor output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which areas of the brain are associated with Emotional memory?

A

the Amygdala

Hypothalamus, autonomic and hormonal output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which areas of the brain are associated with Declarative memory?

A

the Entorhinal/parahippocampal cortex and the Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What lobe is important to memory?

A

the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Hebb’s law

A

When two neurones are active, if one is firing neurotransmitters and the other is firing action potentials, the synapse with become stronger.

(Memory depends on populations of interacting neurones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are memories stored?

A

As patterns of strengthened synapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TRUE/FALSE? A partial stimulus can activate a full memory

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Long Term Potentiation (LTP)?

A

Increase in strength of an EPSP after repeated stimulation

Has a threshold for establishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can LTP be prevented?

A

Pharmacological blockage of NMDA receptors (with 2-AP5)

Reducing extracellular Ca from 2 to 0.2mM (i.e Low conc of Ca)

17
Q

How is LTP manifested postsynaptically?

A

More AMPAr
More sensitive AMPAr
More synapses

18
Q

How is LTP manifested presynaptically?

A

Increased release
More release sites
More vesicles

19
Q

What are the 3 LTP induction mechanisms?

A
  1. Phosphorylation of AMPAr by PKC
  2. Insertion of new receptors/synthesis of new receptors
  3. Retrograde messengers (e.g NO)
20
Q

TRUE/FALSE? Reactivating a memory strengthens it

A

True

21
Q

What are some examples of cognition enhancers?

A 
AMPAkines
Cholinergic modulation (increase Ach)
Stimulants
Dopaminergics
5HT drugs
GABAr blockers
22
Q

What can cause Amnesia?

A 
Drug induced (alcohol)
Head trauma (temporary or permanent)
Retrograde or anterograde
23
Q

What is Dementia?

A

A syndrome characterized by a decline in cognitive function sufficient to cause impairment in social and occupational performance

Inability to form new memories (learning)
General cognitive decline

24
Q

What is the prevalence and characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Most common form of dementia at >65 years
More common in females (2:1 ratio)
Memory, initiation, visuo-spatial, and language deficits
Impaired judgement/risk assessment

25
Q

Describe the pathology of Alzheimer’s (in relation to the brain)

A

Early shrinkage of temporal poles, frontal cortex
Earliest damage in entorhinal cortex (memory and speech deficits)
Progressive spread to whole cortex and subcortical structures

26
Q

What are neuritic plaques (NP)?

A

Extracellular
Amyloid-B-protein

(Diagnostic hallmark)

27
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles (NFT)?

A

Intracellular
Abnormal ‘Tau’ protein

(Diagnostic hallmark)

28
Q

What do NPs and NFTs primarily affect?

A

Glutamate and Ach neurones and terminals

29
Q

Plaque formation leads to…

A

Destruction of terminals and dendrites

Plaque -> tangle

30
Q

Tangle formation leads to…

A

Neuronal death

31
Q

What is memory loss?

A

Loss of neurones and their connections

32
Q

How is alzheimer’s treated?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g donepezil, rivastigmine)

Menantine (non-competitive NMDAr blocker)

Nootropics (e.g piracetam and aniracetam i.e cognition enchancers) - enchance AMPAr activity

Pharmacology of CNS (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions