Amine Neurotransmitters and Ach

Question 1

Amine transmitters are…

Answer 1

• Diffuse, modulatory systems
• Restricted to a small number of brainstem nuclei
• Lack specialised synaptic contacts
• Key roles in arousal, attention, sleep and survival

Question 2

NA acts on which receptors?

Answer 2

A1, A2, B1, and B2 receptors (GPCR)

Question 3

What effect does NA have in the brainstem?

Answer 3

Blood pressure control (baroceptor reflex)

Question 4

NA Descending pathway controls

Answer 4

Movement and Pain

Question 5

NA Ascending pathway controls

Answer 5

Arousal and Mood

—-> (Cognitive processes, learning and memory, movement, attention)

Question 6

Depletion of NA in the forebrain leads to?

Answer 6

Depression

Question 7

Overactivity of NA leads to?

Answer 7

Mania

Question 8

NA is synthesised from? By?

Answer 8

Tyrosine by TH (Tyrosine hydroxylase)

Question 9

True/False, Tyrosine hydroxylase can become saturated

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Reserpine does what?

Answer 10

Blocks vesicular uptake of NA and 5-HT, causes depression

Question 11

NA undergoes reuptake by…?

Answer 11

NET

Question 12

NA is degraded by?

Answer 12

MAO and COMT

Question 13

COMT overexpression can lead to

Answer 13

Schizophrenia

Question 14

Cocaine does what?

Answer 14

Blocks reuptake of NA (Reward)

Question 15

Amphetamine causes?

Answer 15

NA Displacement (stimulatory effects)

Question 16

Dopamine is the ‘_____’ chemical

Answer 16

Reward

Question 17

Dopamine acts on which receptors?

Answer 17

D1-5 (all GPCR)

Question 18

Dopamine controls what?

Answer 18

• Movement (Nigro-striatal -> Parkinson’s disease)
• Attention, Emotion and Reward
• Endocrine function (Pituitary hormone output)

Question 19

What effect does Dopamine have in the brainstem?

Answer 19

Vomiting

Question 20

Reuptake of Dopamine is by…?

Answer 20

DAT

Question 21

Dopamine is degraded by?

Answer 21

MAO and COMT

Question 22

L-DOPA increases synthesis of what?

Answer 22

Dopamine and NA

Question 23

How can Dopamine influence schizophrenia?

Answer 23

Over-activity in DA mesolimbic/corticol pathway

Question 24

5-HT is the ‘_____’ chemical

Answer 24

Appetite

Question 25

5-HT controls what?

Answer 25

Mood, Sleep, Feeding and Sensory transmission

Question 26

AADC does what?

Answer 26

Decarboxylates 5-HT

Question 27

How is 5-HT inactivated?

Answer 27

reuptake and MAO

Question 28

5-HT is synthesised from what?

Answer 28

Tryptophan

Question 29

True/False? Tryptophan hydroxylase can be saturated

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Which compounds can increase the synthesis of 5HT?

Answer 30

Tryptophan and 5HTP

Question 31

What do SSRIs do?

Answer 31

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (increases 5HT levels)

Question 32

Ach is the ‘______’ chemical

Answer 32

Memory/Motivation

Question 33

What types of Ach receptor are there?

Answer 33

Nicotinic (Ionotropic) and Muscarinic (GPCR)

Question 34

Ach controls what?

Answer 34

• Arousal, sleep and waking

- Learning and memory

Question 35

Basal forebrain nuclei involved in what? Degeneration in what disease?

Answer 35

Cognition (degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease)

Question 36

What area of the brain is involved in motor control?

Answer 36

Basal ganglia

Question 37

How is Ach synthesised?

Answer 37

From Choline (in our diets)

Question 38

Histamine is produced from what?

Answer 38

Histidine

Question 39

Histamine plays a role in what?

Answer 39

Sleep, feeding and energy balance

Question 40

why does Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) cause sedation?

Answer 40

It crosses the BBB

Question 41

Does loratadine cause sedation?

Answer 41

No. (doesn’t cross the BBB)

Question 42

Which crosses the BBB? H1 or H2?

Answer 42

H1. (H2 does not)