Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 1 > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

Relitavely permanent change in behavior, knowledge or attitude. It’s also an experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the types of learning? (3 types of conditioning)

A

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Associating 1 stimulus with another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

An association between behaviour and consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is observational conditioning?

A

Watching others and imitating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the class. cond. theory (Ivan P. Pavlov)

A

The hungry dog sees food. The food makes him salivate. When he hears the bell, he associates it to the food = salivation –> repeat. The bell = food for the dog.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is unconditional stimulus? (US)

A

Already elicits a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is unconditional response? (UR)

A

Already elicited by a stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is conditioned stimulus? (CS)

A

New stimulus delivered at the same time as old stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is conditioned response? (CR)

A

An “old” response now elicited by a new experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the factors of class. cond. in everyday life?

A

Can food & dogs
Beer commercials
Taste aversion
Fears & phobias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Class. Cond. & Drug Cravings

What happens if you’re always taking drug in the same E?

A

US: drug
UR: body compensation for drug (opposite effect)
CS: E cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Class. Cond. & Drug Cravings

“After training” CR, CS,

A

CR: The tolerance/body compensates (now to just E cues)
CS: gets the same reaction as drug itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can all of this lead to?

A

Craving and overdose if in a new E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Class. Cond. & Drug Cravings

“Curing” fear (Watson)
What happened with the experiment?

A

3yrs old Peter is scared of rabbits.
Watson distracted him with candy (CS).
He then gradually brought the rabbit closer.
By the end, Peter wasn’t scared anymore.
This equals to a ‘systematic desensitization’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What factors influence the Class. Cond. ?

A

Number of pairings of CS & US
US intensity
How reliably CS predicts US
Temporal relationship b/w CS & US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the factors of operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner
Learn through new voluntary behaviours
Rewards + punishments
Response = consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the factors of reinforcer?

A

Increase in probability of a response it follows
Positive reinforcement (reward) increases likelihood behaviour to be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the schedules of reinforcement and what are they?

A

Continuous reinforcement : Each response is reinforced
Partial reinforcement : response is reinforced randomly intermittently
Fixed ratio : reinforcement given after a specific time interval has passed -> ‘FI scallop’
Variable ratio : reinforcement given after a varying number of responses
Variable interval : reinforcement given after a variable amount of time

20
Q

What is shaping?

A

It’s rewarding “successive approximations” of desired responses. Ex. : bowling pigeons!

21
Q

What is aversive stimuli?

A

It is unpleasant/painful
The result in a decrease probability of the behaviour, which —> punishment
Also: removing pleasant stimulus

22
Q

What are the factors of negative reinforcement?

A

Remove aversive stimulus = negative reinforcement -> rewarding
Results in an increase probability of behaviour occurring

23
Q

What are the factors of drawback punishments?

A

Often doesn’t work
Better techniques such as extinction, positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement (remove rewarding consequences)

24
Q

What are the 3 things you should do if you punish?

A

Be consistent, good timing, intensity

25
Q

What are the factors of influencing operant cond. ?

A

Magnitude of reinforcement
Immediacy of reinforcement
Level of motivation

26
Q

Explain the Learned Helplessness experiment + conclusion

A

Done by Seligman : fear conditioning in dogs
Pair tone with mild shock while restraining the dog
Then the dog what put in a shuttlebox
Trained dog could’ve escaped but didn’t
The untrained dog tried to escape the shock
Conclusion: learn to act “helpless”

27
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Model for depression
When depressed, you learn to be helpless and pessimistic
Help: cognitive therapy which makes patients optimistic!

28
Q

What is cognitive learning? (Brodura’s theory)

A

The E depends on the behaviour, which is called “reciprocal determinism”

29
Q

(Brodura’s theory)

What is observational learning/modeling?

A

The observer’s behaviour changes after viewing a model

30
Q

(Brodura’s theory)

What is the “bobs doll studies”?

A

Kindergarteners viewed a video of an adult hitting a doll and then imitated the adult’s behaviour and attacked the doll

31
Q

What is Hebb’s Law?

A

‘Neurons that fire together, wire together’
If one cell persistently activates another cell, the connections between them is stronger

32
Q

What is an example of Hebbian Learning?

A

Practice = perfect! –> neural connection becomes faster, stronger and more efficient over time

33
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

It’s how the synapses change in strength over time due to the inscrease/decrease in activity

34
Q

What are the 3 processes of memory?

A

Encoding: transforming info into from that can be stored in memory
Storage: maintaining info in memory
Retrieval: bringing the stored info to the mind

35
Q

What are the 3 measures of memory called?

A

Recall: regenerates with little to no cues (essay qs/fill in the blanks)
Recognition: experience similar stimuli (multiple choice)
Relearning: learning something for a 2nd time (faster studying time if you read over your notes)

36
Q

What are the factors of the Atkinson/Shiffrin Model? (Sensory Memory)

A

Initial 200-500 ms after an item is perceived
Sperling’s experiments: remember 12 items, but degrades quickly
Visual images: fraction of a second
Sounds: 2 seconds

37
Q

What are the factors of STM?

A

Capacity: 5-9 bits if info (7+/2-)
Keep info longer through rehearsal
Last if distracted/info displaced
Increase in STM by chunking –> easier to remember if it’s more meaningful

38
Q

What are the factors of LTM?

A

Unlimited capacity, relatively important
Info: LTM through rehearsal
Hippocampus essential to process of STM –> LTM

39
Q

What are the subsystems of LTM? (Declarative memory)

A

Explicit memory - can bring to mind verbally/store as images
Episodic memory: events of your life
Semantic memory: general knowledge
Brain area: hippocampus

40
Q

What are the subsystems of LTM? (Procedural memory)

A

Implicit memory - motor skills, habits, simple class. cond.
“Know how”
Brain regions: CR - cerebellum, skills/habits - cerebellum & motor areas of cortex

41
Q

What are the factors of Early Memory Studies - Ebbinghaus?

A

Assumed memory = formation of new associations, strengthen with repetition
Nonesense syllables - CVC (consonant, vowel, consonant) Ex. : CAZ
Tested his own memory : learning curve
Tested his own forgetting : forgetting curve
Overlearning effect: info. more resistant to disruption/loss

42
Q

What are the 3 factors of Serial Position Effect?

A

Beginning of the list: easier to remember than middle = primacy effect
End of list: easier to remember than middle = recency effect
Middle of the list disadvantage = Von Restorf effect

43
Q

What are the 3 causes of forgetting?

A

Forgetting = old memories are unable to be recalled
Decay theory
Interference –> proactive interference –> previous learning interfering with new one
–> retroactive interference –> new learning disrupts old learning

44
Q

What are the 4 types of forgetting + retrieval failure?

A

Encoding failure
Consolidation failure
Motivated forgetting
Prospective forgetting

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

45
Q

What is movie or reconstruction?

A

Evidence for reconstruction - piece together highlight, add in other pieces
BUT
Is it accurate?

46
Q

Explain eyewitness memory + Loftus’ study + Solution.

A

It is treated as accurate by the courts
BUT: Loftus studies memory placed to LTM, then reconstructed. It is influenced by talking about the event, pictures, other life events, the way the question is asked
BUT: not aware of these changes.
Solution: ask neutral questions

Semester 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions