Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Semester 1 > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

Relitavely permanent change in behavior, knowledge or attitude. It’s also an experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the types of learning? (3 types of conditioning)

A

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Associating 1 stimulus with another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

An association between behaviour and consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is observational conditioning?

A

Watching others and imitating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the class. cond. theory (Ivan P. Pavlov)

A

The hungry dog sees food. The food makes him salivate. When he hears the bell, he associates it to the food = salivation –> repeat. The bell = food for the dog.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is unconditional stimulus? (US)

A

Already elicits a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is unconditional response? (UR)

A

Already elicited by a stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is conditioned stimulus? (CS)

A

New stimulus delivered at the same time as old stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is conditioned response? (CR)

A

An “old” response now elicited by a new experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the factors of class. cond. in everyday life?

A

Can food & dogs
Beer commercials
Taste aversion
Fears & phobias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Class. Cond. & Drug Cravings

What happens if you’re always taking drug in the same E?

A

US: drug
UR: body compensation for drug (opposite effect)
CS: E cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Class. Cond. & Drug Cravings

“After training” CR, CS,

A

CR: The tolerance/body compensates (now to just E cues)
CS: gets the same reaction as drug itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can all of this lead to?

A

Craving and overdose if in a new E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Class. Cond. & Drug Cravings

“Curing” fear (Watson)
What happened with the experiment?

A

3yrs old Peter is scared of rabbits.
Watson distracted him with candy (CS).
He then gradually brought the rabbit closer.
By the end, Peter wasn’t scared anymore.
This equals to a ‘systematic desensitization’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What factors influence the Class. Cond. ?

A

Number of pairings of CS & US
US intensity
How reliably CS predicts US
Temporal relationship b/w CS & US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the factors of operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner
Learn through new voluntary behaviours
Rewards + punishments
Response = consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the factors of reinforcer?

A

Increase in probability of a response it follows
Positive reinforcement (reward) increases likelihood behaviour to be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the schedules of reinforcement and what are they?

A

Continuous reinforcement : Each response is reinforced
Partial reinforcement : response is reinforced randomly intermittently
Fixed ratio : reinforcement given after a specific time interval has passed -> ‘FI scallop’
Variable ratio : reinforcement given after a varying number of responses
Variable interval : reinforcement given after a variable amount of time

20
Q

What is shaping?

A

It’s rewarding “successive approximations” of desired responses. Ex. : bowling pigeons!

21
Q

What is aversive stimuli?

A

It is unpleasant/painful
The result in a decrease probability of the behaviour, which —> punishment
Also: removing pleasant stimulus

22
Q

What are the factors of negative reinforcement?

A

Remove aversive stimulus = negative reinforcement -> rewarding
Results in an increase probability of behaviour occurring

23
Q

What are the factors of drawback punishments?

A

Often doesn’t work
Better techniques such as extinction, positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement (remove rewarding consequences)

24
Q

What are the 3 things you should do if you punish?

A

Be consistent, good timing, intensity

25
What are the factors of influencing operant cond. ?
Magnitude of reinforcement Immediacy of reinforcement Level of motivation
26
Explain the Learned Helplessness experiment + conclusion
Done by Seligman : fear conditioning in dogs Pair tone with mild shock while restraining the dog Then the dog what put in a shuttlebox Trained dog could've escaped but didn't The untrained dog tried to escape the shock Conclusion: learn to act "helpless"
27
What is learned helplessness?
Model for depression When depressed, you learn to be helpless and pessimistic Help: cognitive therapy which makes patients optimistic!
28
What is cognitive learning? (Brodura's theory)
The E depends on the behaviour, which is called "reciprocal determinism"
29
(Brodura's theory) What is observational learning/modeling?
The observer's behaviour changes after viewing a model
30
(Brodura's theory) What is the "bobs doll studies"?
Kindergarteners viewed a video of an adult hitting a doll and then imitated the adult's behaviour and attacked the doll
31
What is Hebb's Law?
'Neurons that fire together, wire together' If one cell persistently activates another cell, the connections between them is stronger
32
What is an example of Hebbian Learning?
Practice = perfect! --> neural connection becomes faster, stronger and more efficient over time
33
What is synaptic plasticity?
It's how the synapses change in strength over time due to the inscrease/decrease in activity
34
What are the 3 processes of memory?
Encoding: transforming info into from that can be stored in memory Storage: maintaining info in memory Retrieval: bringing the stored info to the mind
35
What are the 3 measures of memory called?
Recall: regenerates with little to no cues (essay qs/fill in the blanks) Recognition: experience similar stimuli (multiple choice) Relearning: learning something for a 2nd time (faster studying time if you read over your notes)
36
What are the factors of the Atkinson/Shiffrin Model? (Sensory Memory)
Initial 200-500 ms after an item is perceived Sperling's experiments: remember 12 items, but degrades quickly Visual images: fraction of a second Sounds: 2 seconds
37
What are the factors of STM?
Capacity: 5-9 bits if info (7+/2-) Keep info longer through rehearsal Last if distracted/info displaced Increase in STM by chunking --> easier to remember if it's more meaningful
38
What are the factors of LTM?
Unlimited capacity, relatively important Info: LTM through rehearsal Hippocampus essential to process of STM --> LTM
39
What are the subsystems of LTM? (Declarative memory)
Explicit memory - can bring to mind verbally/store as images Episodic memory: events of your life Semantic memory: general knowledge Brain area: hippocampus
40
What are the subsystems of LTM? (Procedural memory)
Implicit memory - motor skills, habits, simple class. cond. "Know how" Brain regions: CR - cerebellum, skills/habits - cerebellum & motor areas of cortex
41
What are the factors of Early Memory Studies - Ebbinghaus?
Assumed memory = formation of new associations, strengthen with repetition Nonesense syllables - CVC (consonant, vowel, consonant) Ex. : CAZ Tested his own memory : learning curve Tested his own forgetting : forgetting curve Overlearning effect: info. more resistant to disruption/loss
42
What are the 3 factors of Serial Position Effect?
Beginning of the list: easier to remember than middle = primacy effect End of list: easier to remember than middle = recency effect Middle of the list disadvantage = Von Restorf effect
43
What are the 3 causes of forgetting?
Forgetting = old memories are unable to be recalled Decay theory Interference --> proactive interference --> previous learning interfering with new one --> retroactive interference --> new learning disrupts old learning
44
What are the 4 types of forgetting + retrieval failure?
Encoding failure Consolidation failure Motivated forgetting Prospective forgetting Tip of the tongue phenomenon
45
What is movie or reconstruction?
Evidence for reconstruction - piece together highlight, add in other pieces BUT Is it accurate?
46
Explain eyewitness memory + Loftus' study + Solution.
It is treated as accurate by the courts BUT: Loftus studies memory placed to LTM, then reconstructed. It is influenced by talking about the event, pictures, other life events, the way the question is asked BUT: not aware of these changes. Solution: ask neutral questions

Semester 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions