Learning and Memory Flashcards
learning
an adaptive change in behavior as a result of experience
non associative learning
occurs after repeated presentation of a single stimulus
- sensitization
- habituation
sensitization
stimulus that originally elicits no response, repeated presentation leads to heightened responses over time (or one strong presentation–> heightened response)
habituation
learning NOT to respond after repeated presentations/exposures (messages reach the CNS but are ignored)
associative learning
learning about relationships; conditioning
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- appetitive conditioning
- aversive conditioning
- —active avoidance
- —passive avoidance
classical conditioning
Pavlov: UCS, UCR, CS, CR
operant conditioning
aka trial and error learning; animal performs behavior by accident and is rewarded; this behavior is then reinforced as the association builds
appetitive conditioning
reinforcement of a behavior by a positive outcome (think of training a dog with treats)
aversive conditioning
change in behavior to avoid a bad outcome (requires animals to avoid a negative stimulus)
active avoidance
animal must DO something to avoid a negative stimuli (ex: move to the other side of the cage to avoid a shock)
passive avoidance
animal must inhibit/suppress a behavior they would normally perform in order to avoid a more noxious outcome (ex: prefer light to shock)
fear conditioning
depends on the natural state to freeze when frightening
- pair a stimuli with a shock–> elicit freezing behavior
- strength of association between stimuli and shock measured by degree of freezing behavior
memory
encoding, storage, retrieval, or extinction of information about past experience
types of short term memory
working memory, spatial and non-spatial
working memory
short term memory for information that changes on a regular basis
spatial memory
memory of the location of items or places in space
types of long term memory
reference memory, spatial and non spatial
- procedural and declarative
- skills learning, priming, conditioning
- semantic and episodic
reference memory
long term memory for information that is constant/unchanging
procedural memory
implicit long term memory, knowing how
- skill learning: memory for how to perform a skill
- priming: changed memory/processing as a result of previous experience or exposure
- conditioning : formation of an association
declarative memory
explicit memory; knowing what
- semantic memory: knowledge of general knowledge
- episodic memory: knowledge of personal information
water maze
way to measure spatial memory in rats
- rats must swim to find a submerged platform below the surface of the water
- use of spatial memory to locate the platform in relation to its current position with aid of extra-visual cues
water maze and working memory
change the position of the platform in the water maze each day
water maze and reference memory
escape to a hidden platform in a fixed location over days
radial arm maze
way to measure spatial memory in rats
-usually around 8-12 runways)
-baited and non-baited arms
SOLUTION: only 1 trip down the baited arms, avoid the unbaited arms