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Behavioral Endocrinology > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

an adaptive change in behavior as a result of experience

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2
Q

non associative learning

A

occurs after repeated presentation of a single stimulus

  • sensitization
  • habituation
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3
Q

sensitization

A

stimulus that originally elicits no response, repeated presentation leads to heightened responses over time (or one strong presentation–> heightened response)

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4
Q

habituation

A

learning NOT to respond after repeated presentations/exposures (messages reach the CNS but are ignored)

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5
Q

associative learning

A

learning about relationships; conditioning

  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • appetitive conditioning
  • aversive conditioning
  • —active avoidance
  • —passive avoidance
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6
Q

classical conditioning

A

Pavlov: UCS, UCR, CS, CR

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7
Q

operant conditioning

A

aka trial and error learning; animal performs behavior by accident and is rewarded; this behavior is then reinforced as the association builds

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8
Q

appetitive conditioning

A

reinforcement of a behavior by a positive outcome (think of training a dog with treats)

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9
Q

aversive conditioning

A

change in behavior to avoid a bad outcome (requires animals to avoid a negative stimulus)

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10
Q

active avoidance

A

animal must DO something to avoid a negative stimuli (ex: move to the other side of the cage to avoid a shock)

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11
Q

passive avoidance

A

animal must inhibit/suppress a behavior they would normally perform in order to avoid a more noxious outcome (ex: prefer light to shock)

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12
Q

fear conditioning

A

depends on the natural state to freeze when frightening

  • pair a stimuli with a shock–> elicit freezing behavior
  • strength of association between stimuli and shock measured by degree of freezing behavior
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13
Q

memory

A

encoding, storage, retrieval, or extinction of information about past experience

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14
Q

types of short term memory

A

working memory, spatial and non-spatial

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15
Q

working memory

A

short term memory for information that changes on a regular basis

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16
Q

spatial memory

A

memory of the location of items or places in space

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17
Q

types of long term memory

A

reference memory, spatial and non spatial

  • procedural and declarative
  • skills learning, priming, conditioning
  • semantic and episodic
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18
Q

reference memory

A

long term memory for information that is constant/unchanging

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19
Q

procedural memory

A

implicit long term memory, knowing how

  • skill learning: memory for how to perform a skill
  • priming: changed memory/processing as a result of previous experience or exposure
  • conditioning : formation of an association
20
Q

declarative memory

A

explicit memory; knowing what

  • semantic memory: knowledge of general knowledge
  • episodic memory: knowledge of personal information
21
Q

water maze

A

way to measure spatial memory in rats

  • rats must swim to find a submerged platform below the surface of the water
  • use of spatial memory to locate the platform in relation to its current position with aid of extra-visual cues
22
Q

water maze and working memory

A

change the position of the platform in the water maze each day

23
Q

water maze and reference memory

A

escape to a hidden platform in a fixed location over days

24
Q

radial arm maze

A

way to measure spatial memory in rats
-usually around 8-12 runways)
-baited and non-baited arms
SOLUTION: only 1 trip down the baited arms, avoid the unbaited arms

25
Q

radial arm maze and working memory

A

recall which of the arms have already been visited (error= re-entry into an arm)

26
Q

radial arm maze and reference memory

A

recall which of the arms are ALWAYS baited

27
Q

T maze

A

way to measure spatial memory

-do they always get food on accident, or use cues around the room/maze

28
Q

Y maze

A

way to measure spatial memory

-go into the novel arm, should spend more time there

29
Q

object recognition and object location

A

ways to measure spatial memory

30
Q

how are flashbulb memories formed

A

many hormones released during stress, high arousal may mark the memory’s importance
-Canon’s hypothesis: following exposure to stress, epinephrine is released and acts to enhance memory

31
Q

EPI: acts on peripheral receptors to influence brain function

A

evidence

  • effects of EPI on L and M can be blocked by adrenergic R’s antagonists
  • EPI acts on neural structures that are involved in L and M, including the amygdala
32
Q

EPI and amygdala

A

peripheral adrenergic stimulation integrates with teh amygdala

  • peripheral EPI acts on noradrenergic R’s which will activate ascending neurons in the vagus nerve–> project to NTS–> project to amygdala
  • injection of EPI into amygdala–> increased memory retention
33
Q

amygdala, hippocampus, emotional valence

A

degree of amygdala activation by EPI associated with recall, recall best for emotionally intense images/memories

34
Q

EPI and glucose hypothesis

A

epinephrine release–> glucose release and increased blood sugar–> enhance L and M

  • EVIDENCE
  • -can block mem inducing effects of EPI by blocking peripheral adrenergic receptors, but mem enhancing effects glucose not blocked
35
Q

glucose and ACTH

A

increased G levels–> increased G to neurons–> release of ACTH

  • -EVIDENCE
  • glucose treated rats had higher AcTH levels and did better
  • ppl with severe memory deficits have marked decreased levels in ACTH
36
Q

sex differences: female advantage

A

verbal, perceptual speed and accuracy, fine motor skills

37
Q

sex differences: male advantage

A

spatial, quantitative

38
Q

Block and human figure: rotation task

A

block test: male advantage
human figure: magitude of sex differences on mental rotation tasks varies according to test content and item properties
—female performance WAY increased compared to block
—-males: performance improved from baseline when figures were male, didn’t increase when figures were female

39
Q

radial arm maze: male advantage, reflects different strategy use

A

male rats tend to perform better on radial arm mazes compared to females

  • WM: visit each arm only once (error: go down 1+ time)
  • RF: go down only baited arms (error: down unbaited arm)
  • male improved performance may be a reflection of strategy!
  • use only geometry (extra visual cues), females use geometry AND landmarks (internal maze cues); may be males have less to learn so can learn faster
40
Q

Estrogens on L and M

A

estrogen enhances WORKING MEMORY, but doesn’t impact or may even impair REFERENCE MEMORY

  • enhances consolidation and acquisition in spatial memory tasks
  • improves memory on tasks when the task is difficult
41
Q

Luines delayed task

A

radial arm maze, 1 hour delay between arm 4-5 (more difficult task)–> memory of rats with estradiol injections improved

42
Q

hippocampal circuity and estradiol

A

estradiol–> increased spine density in CA1 neurons–> increased neural connections–> enhanced memory

43
Q

estradiol treatment, BIBN 99, NMDA receptor binding

A

estradiol treatment–> marked increase in NMDA receptor binding

  • EVIDENCE
  • –E–> increased NMDA binding
  • –E+ BIBN–> blocked effect of E
  • –BIBN alone: no effect
44
Q

estradiol treatment, BIBN 99, WM performance

A
  • E–> greeter number of correct until first error (improved performance)
  • E+B–> effects of estrogen on performance BLOCKED
45
Q

conclusion from studies with estradiol and BIBN 99

A
  • estradiol acts on brain and cholinergic systems and behavior
  • estradiol acts on cholinergic systems; cholinergic neurons bind to GLUTAMATE releasing neurons and exert a downstream effect

-by blocking estradiol, not allowing E to stimulate cholinergic pathway–> block effects of M2–> decreased spine density and dendritic length

46
Q

Sherwin: changes in hormones during menstrual cycle associated with cognitive functioning

A

menopause: decrease in E, account for decline in cog functioning?
- E replacement within a critical period-> protection of cognitive functioning

Behavioral Endocrinology (12 decks)

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