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Behavioral Endocrinology > Female reproduction > Flashcards

Female reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

parthenogenosis

A

growth and development without fertilization by a male

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2
Q

estrus

A

period when female will permit copulation; aka being in “heat”

  • estrus female’s will seek out males, initiate copulation,, maintain close proximity to males
  • estrus females more attractive (urine/odors), mounted by males preferentially
  • mating behavior is tightly coupled with ovulation
  • mating behaviors (estrus) occur when successful fertilization of the ova is most likely
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3
Q

Hormonal action

A
  • hormones change the probability that specific stimuli will elicit particular behaviors that lead to successful copulation
  • Input systems: acuity, sensitivity, and efficiency of sensory systems are enhanced by reproductive hormones (E females better able to detect and respond to males)
  • CNS: females motivation, attention, and perception change as sex steroid levels fluctuate
  • effectors: way a female moves and responds to stimuli changes
  • behavior: her own behavior, as well as stimuli F emits (odors, chemosensory signals) influence how the males behave, the way males behave may feed back to alter her own behavior
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4
Q

primordial follicle

A

consists of oocyte+ singular layer of granulosa cells

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5
Q

primary follicle

A

consists of oocyte, zone pellucida, granulosa cells (more layers)

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6
Q

pre-antral follicle

A

oocyte, zona pellucida, granulosa cells, developing thecal cells

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7
Q

antrum

A

space that develops between the ovum and granulosa cells; fills with a fluid termed liquor folliculi (follicular fluid)

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8
Q

graafian follicle

A

dominant follicle, one that is ovulated; enlarges due to expanding/growing antrum; enzyme breaks down the wall between the mature ovary and follicle (induced by LH)= bursting of oocyte from follicle= ovulation

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9
Q

corpus leutum

A

degenerated granulosa and thecal cells form the CL, secretes progesterone which maintains the uterine lining needed to sustain a pregnancy; will degenerate into the CA if there is no successful fertilization

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10
Q

corpus albicans

A

degenerated CL

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11
Q

granulosa cells

A

surround the oocyte; grow in number via mitotic division as the follicle matures

  • secrete activin, inhibin, E’s, progesterone
  • acted upon by FSH and LH

FSH: convert androstenedione–> estrogen via aromatase
LH receptor stimulation–> progesterone production–> behavioral estrus
pre-ovulatory: FSH–> activin–> +FSH
post-ovulatory: FSH–> inhibin–> -FSH

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12
Q

thecal cells

A

surround granulosa cells and secrete estrogens

  • acted upon by LH (cholesterol–> androstenedione)
  • ??does LH stimulate E release in thecal cells?
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13
Q

oogenesis

A

development of the ovum

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14
Q

oogonium

A

immature female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis; 3rd prenatal month

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15
Q

primary oocyte

A

immature egg cell; 6th prenatal month–> does not undergo meiosis 1 (stuck at prophase 1) until puberty (first period)

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16
Q

secondary oocyte

A

product of meiosis one–puberty has begun, and meiosis continues as folliculogenesis proceeds as stimulated by FSH

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17
Q

ovum development

A

ovum is the product of fertilization and meiosis 2–an ovum will NOT DEVELOP WITHOUT FERTILIZATION
-ovum will begin to undergo cell divisions into a mature egg, where it will eventually implant into the uterine lining

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18
Q

ovulation

A

release of an ovum from a follicle and ovary induced by an LH surge

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19
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg: will begin going under cell division in the fallopian tubes prior to implantation

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20
Q

blastocyst

A

develops from the zygote after 5 days of cell division; goal is to implant into the cell wall where it will develop into an embryo and support the uterus during a pregnancy

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21
Q

vaginal lavage

A

developed by Stockyard and Papanicolaou–allows us to tell the stage of ovulatory cycle even when the ovary is internal

  • swab cells of the vaginal lumen after a lavage and examine the cells microscopically
  • reveals changes in cellular contents of vaginal lumen that occur every 4-5 days
22
Q

pap test

A

developed by Papincolaou: cells from the cervix examined to screen for cervical cancer

23
Q

relationship between ovarian cycles, vaginal cytology, hormones, and behavior

A

cyclic changes in ovarian cycles and structure correspond with vaginal cytology, hormone levels, and behavior
-behaviors that correspond with vaginal and ovarian cytology are influence by ovarian steroids (ie estrogens and progesterone)

24
Q

vaginal estrus

A
  • post ovulation
  • cornified epithelial cells
  • recently ruptured follicle, corpus leutum
  • no reproductive behavior
25
Q

diestrus 1/metestrus

A
  • follicular development of primary follicle
  • majority leukocytes
  • no reproductive behavior
26
Q

diestrus 2

A
  • follicular development of secondary follicle

- no reproductive behavior

27
Q

vaginal proestrus= behavioral estrus

A
  • pre-ovulation: Graafian follicle
  • reproductive behavior: lordosis!
  • induced by estrogens (mediated by LH/FSH) and progesterone (Graafian follicle)
28
Q

2 cell theory: LH, FSH, thecal and granulosa cells

A

LH: induces formation of androstenedione from cholesterol in thecal cells
FSH: induction of aromatase system–> converts androstenedione produced in thecal cells–> estrogens

29
Q

Positive Feedback: pre-ovulation

A

Estrogen: secreted from granulosa cells; feedback on AP and hypo (specifically AVPV)–> increase GnRH and LH/FSH release

Activin: secreted from granulosa cells: feedback on hypo to increase FSH secretion

30
Q

Negative feedback: post-ovulation

A

Estrogen: high concentrations of estrogen feedback on AP and hypo (specifically, ARC nucleus) to decrease GnRH and LH/FSH

Progesterone: released from CL; feedback on hypo and AP

inhibin: released from granulosa cells; feedback on hypo to decrease FSH

31
Q

AVPV and positive feedback

A

estrogen receptors located on the AVPV and synapse onto GnRH receptors located in the hypothalamus–stimulation of AVPV receptors by E releases kisspeptin–> terminates on hypo and leads to GnRH release–> LH/FSH release in AP–> E/P release in ovaries

32
Q

ARC nucleus and negative feedback

A

estrogen receptors located on ARC nucleus inhibited by estradiol which is exerting a negative feedback–> inhibition of kisspeptin–> inhibition of GnRH release–> inhibition of LH/FSH release

33
Q

pseudopregnancy

A

do NOT happen in humans (humans have a spontaneous corpus leutum phase); happens in species who have induced luteal phases

  • time when there is a corpus leutum and buildup of the uterine lining in the absence of pregnancy
  • uterus ready for the blastocyst, but no ovum
34
Q

type 1 reproductive cycle

A

spontaneous ovulation
spontaneous CL/pseudopregnancy
2-5 weeks; 5>
ex: humans, guinea pigs, apes

35
Q

type 2 reproductive cycle

A

induced ovulation
spontaneous CL
length: 3-5 weeks (ex: cats)

36
Q

type 3 reproductive cycle

A

spontaneous ovulation
induced CL
length: <1 week
ex: rats

37
Q

attractivity

A

stimulus value of a female, how attractive a female is to a male conspecific

  • extent to which a male prefers one female over another female
  • hypothetical, has to be inferred by the researcher
38
Q

ways to measure attractivity in different species

A
  • rhesus monkey: mounts/min= mounting ratio
  • rats: tethering and 3 chamber preference test
  • horse: Flehman response
  • baboon: male acceptance ratio–# of female solicitations/male mounting
39
Q

attractivity and hormones

A

estrogens increase attractivity

  • morphological changes associated with ovulation: ex–baboon swelling of the perineum
  • chemosensory cues: chemical cues are important in establishing stimulus bases of attractivity (ex: garter snakes, horses)
  • behavior
40
Q

perceptivity

A

extent to which a female initiates copulation; behaviors that initiate copulation= FLIRTING

  • reflect a female’s overt behavior and motivational state
  • ex: rats: hopping, darting, ear wiggling
  • ex: rhesus monkey: number of solicitations
  • ex: rhesus monkey: bar pressing
41
Q

receptivity

A

RESPONSIVENESS to sexual initiation, reflected by the adoption/reaction necessary for a fertile copulation, reflected by species-specific sexual position
-reflection of the stimulus value of the female for eliciting intravaginal ejaculations

  • ex: # of ejaculations, or ejaculation time in rhesus monkeys
  • ex: rats: lordosis quotient= # of successful lordosis/10 mounts
  • ex: hamsters: amount of time spent in lordosis
42
Q

role of estrogen and progesterone in lordosis: rats

A

estrogen and progesterone needed for the full expression of proceptive and receptive behaviors

  • OVX+ E (no P)–> weak receptive, no preceptive
  • OVX+E+P–> full receptive and proceptive
43
Q

relationship between E, P, gene transcription

A

estrogen given to rats 48 hrs prior to testing because E acts as a transcription and translation factor for progesterone receptors (so by giving estrogen, you are also creating progesterone receptors)–> so in an OVX F, progesterone need not be given until 5 hrs prior to testing

44
Q

VMN and estrogen

A
  • estrogen acts on the VMN to stimulate lordosis behavior
  • example of how hormones act of the CNS to influence reproductive behavior
  • study 1: bilateral injections of estrogen into progesterone-treated, OVX rat–> full lordosis behavior
  • study 2: OVX+E+P+anti-E–> no lordosis behavior
45
Q

estrogens mechanism of action on the CNS

A

receptors, enzymes, transporters, ion channels, NT systems–> impact the female rat’s neural responsiveness to male stimulation–> increased electrical activity and action potential–> lordosis

46
Q

acetylcholine and lordosis

A
  • muscarinic receptors
  • OVX+E+acetylcholine–> lordosis
  • OVX+E+acetylcholine antagonist–> decreased lordosis
47
Q

lordosis neural mechanisms of action

A
  • E acts on the flanks during estrus to increase their size, increasing F sensitivity to male tactile stimulation
  • flanks stimulated by male
  • sensory input will make its way to the spinal cord and midbrain central gray
  • estradiol is acting on the VMN to stimulate lordosis behavior–when estradiol concentrations are high, it will activate the spinal motor neurons necessary to innervate the back muscles
  • information travels down a descending pathway of the spinal cord, where it makes its way to synapses of motor neurons that connect to deep back muscles
  • lordosis behavior
48
Q

pacing

A

rewarding to female rats because it enhances the likelihood of getting pregnant
-female controls the duration of interval time between sexual interactions; timing depends on KIND of sex interaction (mounting–> intromission–> ejaculation)–> reveals females can discriminate vaginal stimulation

49
Q

vaginal code

A

optimal pattern of stimulation to produce offspring

50
Q

paced mating, prolactin, and progesterone

A

pacing behavior–> release of prolactin–> maintenance of corpus leutum–> release of progesterone–> maintenance of uterine lining–> pregnancy maintenance and increased likelihood of maintaining a pregnancy if there’s a successful fertilization

Behavioral Endocrinology (12 decks)

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