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Learning Flashcards

1
Q

An unconditioned stimulus is…

A

A biologically significant stimulus that elicits a reflexive and unlearned response

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2
Q

An unconditioned response is…

A

A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus

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3
Q

A conditioned stimulus is…

A

A previously neutral stimulus which after being paired with a U.S. Elicits a conditioned response

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4
Q

A conditioned response is…

A

A response elicited by the CS

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5
Q

During learning…

A

Stimulus A + Stimulus B = thought of B

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6
Q

After learning…

A

Stimulus A = thought of B

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7
Q

Acquisition is dependent on..

A

The strength of the CS and the US

Rescorla-Wagner Model (1972) units of associative strength are higher with a strong CS

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8
Q

Temporal contiguity …

A

CS = US the events are close together and continuous

CS - TIME = US events are separated

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9
Q

Trace conditioning is…

A

When the CS is terminated before the delivery of the U.S.

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10
Q

Extinction is…

A

When the CS is presented alone with no US.

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model this results in a weakened CR

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11
Q

Spontaneous recovery is…

A

Quirk (2002) when the CR reappears after extinction and rest.

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12
Q

Stimulus generalisation is when…

A

Grant and Schiller (1953) Stimuli that are similar to the CS elicit a CR

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13
Q

Discrimination is…

A

Pearce and Wilson (1990) when stimuli and food has higher mean responses per minute that stimuli and no food

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14
Q

Higher order conditioning is when…

A

A stimulus established as a CS is paired with a neutral stimulus. After the pairing, the neutral stimulus (now CS2) also elicits the CR

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15
Q

Taste aversion

Nachman and Ashe (1973)

A

Food + lithium chloride induces sickness and therefore produces an aversion to that flavour
Experimental were give sucrose and LiCl, control given sucrose and NaCl, the controls had a much higher sucrose intake

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16
Q

Eye blink conditioning

Kronforst-Collins and Disterhoft (1998)

A

Air puff = blink
Tone + air puff = blink
Tone = blink

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17
Q

Watson and Rayner (1920)

A

Little Albert.
White rat + noise = fear.
Extended to all white furry things

18
Q

Behaviour therapy;

Exposure therapy

A

The patient is exposed to the feared stimulus (CS) without any consequence which leads to the extinction of the CR

19
Q

Advertising

Stuart, Shimp and Engle (1987)

A

Pairing a product with a pleasant stimulus (US) results in the product being rated favourably

20
Q

Anticipatory nausea and vomiting

Stockhorst, Steingrueberm and Klosterhalten (2006)

A

Chemo patients - the stimuli of the hop spiral lead to the feeling of nausea and vomiting

21
Q

Thorndike

A

Cats in a box. Time to escape decrease over time as the animal is more likely to perform behaviours that enable escape

22
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Behaviour is influenced by its consequence. Positive outcome = behaviour will increase

23
Q

Reinforcement (increases response rate)

A

Positive - reinforcing stimulus arrives

Negative negative stimulus removed

24
Q

Punishment (reduces response rate)

A

Positive - aversive stimulus presented

Negative - stimulus is removed

25
Q

Shaping is…

A

Reinforcing approximations of the desired behaviours

26
Q

Animal training

Clicker training

A

Starts with classical conditioning

Uses operant condition to reinforce desired behaviours

27
Q

Token economies are…

A

Using tokens to reward good behaviour which can be exchanged for goods in shops
This is secondary reinforcement

28
Q

Gendreau, Listwan, Kuhns and Exum (2014)

Token economies in prisons

A

Lead to a 54% improvement of target behaviours

29
Q

Petry, Barry, Pescatello and White (2011)

Weight loss and tokens

A

More weight loss than other groups if prize draws used as tokens

30
Q

A ratio schedule of reinforcement is…

A

Reinforcement after making a certain number of responses

31
Q

An interval schedule of reinforcement is…

A

Response is reinforced after a specified time interval since the last reinforcement

32
Q

Fixed Ratio (FR) is…

A

The required number of responses is always the same.
FR=50 means 50 responses before the reinforcement
This produces high rates of output similar to getting paid for a certain amount of work

33
Q

Variable Ratio (VR) is…

A

The average number of responses required before reinforcement but the exact number varies.
VR = 50 the average number is 50
Produces fast steady responses like a video game or slot machines

34
Q

Fixed Interval (FI) is…

A

The time interval between reinforcements will be the same.
FI= 50 59 seconds between reinforcements
Produces slow responding. Class times

35
Q

Variable Interval (VI) is..

A

The time interval between reinforcements varies
VI=50 59 seconds on average
Produces slow steady responding like random drug testing

36
Q

A comparison of reinforcement schedules…

A

VI50 and FI50 have a lower output of responses

37
Q

Extinction is when…

A

The response is no longer required so the response isn’t paired with a reward.
The rate of extinction depends on the schedule of reinforcement
Variable schedule makes behaviour more resistant to extinction

38
Q

Escape conditioning is…

A

A result of negative reinforcement

The response terminates an aversive stimuli

39
Q

Avoidance conditioning is…

A

A result of negative reinforcement where the response it made to avoid the aversive stimuli

40
Q

Habituation is…

A

The most basic form of learning shown by most organisms. It is the reduction in response to a repeated stimulus.

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