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Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

DNA facts

A
  • a cell nucleus has 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • these chromosomes carry genes
  • these genes are made up of strands of DNA
  • the DNA is formed of bases. Adenine-Thymine (A-T) and guanine-cytosine (G-C)
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2
Q

A gene is…

A

A sequence of DNA bases that codes for a certain product

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3
Q

Locus (Loci plural) is…

A

A site of a gene on a chromosome

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4
Q

An Allele is…

A

An alternative form of a gene at a specific locus

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5
Q

A genotype is…

A

The genetic constitution of an individual OR a combination of alleles at a specific locus

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6
Q

A phenotype is…

A

The appearance of an individual that is the result of genotype and environment interacting

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7
Q

Genes - proteins…

A

Genes produce proteins.
DNA is central to this role
One cell can produce 100’s of proteins per second

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8
Q

DNA-RNA protein
The flow of information in a cell is from DNA to mRNA to protein
This is done so…

A

1) the DNA uncoils and exposes a gene that codes for a particular protein
2) a gene serves as a template for transcribing a strand of mRNA
3) after modification mRNA leaves nucleus and contacts with ribosomes in endoplasmic reticulum
4) ribosome moves along the mRNA and translates bases into specific amino acids which become part of the peptide chain

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9
Q

Protein synthesis

Transcription is…

A

Changing DNA in mRNA when DNA uncoils

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10
Q

Protein synthesis

Translation is…

A

mRNA into a polypeptide chain. Translating the bases into amino acids

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11
Q

Percentage of function for protein synthesis in different things…

A

Bacteria - 85-95%
Yeast - 70%
Human - 1.4%
Prosophilia - 20%

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12
Q

Mendelian Laws …

A

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) focused on seven traits of peas with two characteristics. He claimed he could predict what characteristics the offspring would have by looking at the parents characteristics

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13
Q

The first law of inheritance - segregation

A

There are two elements which are hereditary for each trait and these two elements segregate during reproductions. One is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant trait is much more prominent in offspring

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14
Q

The second law of inheritance - independent assortment

A

Varieties of each trait sort independently of each other

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15
Q

Mendelian laws are relevant to humans because…

A

Of inheritance of many traits such as eye colour

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16
Q

Not all patterns of inheritance follow Mendelian laws;

A

1) genes on the X chromosome that are recessive are carried by females but expressed in males
2) new mutations emerge in the population
3) complex traits like schizophrenia and depression do not follow the laws

17
Q

DNA in one cell is..

A

2 metres long

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