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Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

process of acquiring new + lasting info/behaviours as result of experience

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2
Q

Simple learning- habituation

A

decreasing response to stimulus with repeated exposure to it- eg: announcements/car horns

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3
Q

Complex learning

A

AKA behavioural learning
stimulus event provokes a response

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4
Q

5 components of conditioning

A

neutral stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response

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5
Q

Extinction

A

diminishing of a leaned/conditioned response when an unconditioned stim. does not follow a conditioned stim.
not complete elimination- merely suppresses conditioned response + can reappear during spontaneous recovery

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6
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

response after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response
weaker than original CR

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7
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

ability to distinguish between one stimulus + other stimuli

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8
Q

Stim. generalisation

A

CR transferred to other similar objects

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9
Q

Phobia

A

irrational fear

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10
Q

Behaviour modification

A

systematic application of learning principles + techniques to assess + improve individuals behaviours in order to help them function more fully in society

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11
Q

Behaviour mod. activities

A

develop new
strengthen existing
maintain existing
stop inappropriate
modify emotional

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12
Q

Systematic desensitisation

A

type of behavioural therapy based on classical conditioning
Wolpe (1950s)
aims to remove fear response of a phobia + substitute a relaxation response to CS gradually using counter conditioning

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13
Q

Ian Pavlov

A

1849-1936
original studying salivation + digestion
classical conditioning

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14
Q

Acclimation

A

dogs first acclimated to lab environment to minimise stress + distraction

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15
Q

Pre-cond. phase

A

dogs exposed to US (food) to measure natural salivary responses
established baseline

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16
Q

Conditioning phase

A

paired neutral stim. (metronome/bell) with presentation of food at same time/just before
creates association through repetition

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17
Q

Post cond. phase

A

after, dogs salivary responses to neutral stim. alone measured to determine if dogs developed CR

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18
Q

Graded exposure

A

gradual intro of things from least to most fearful in individuals fear hierarchy
in vitro + in vivo

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19
Q

In vitro

A

client imagines exposure to phobic stim.

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20
Q

in vivo

A

client actually exposed to phobic stim.

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21
Q

Systematic desensitisation phases

A

taught deep muscle relax. technique + breathing exercises

create fear hierarchy starting at stim that created fear + build in stages

work way up hierarchy starting at least unpleasant + prac. relaxation techniques- when comfortable, move on to next- if upset, can return to previous + regain relaxed state

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22
Q

Operant conditioning

A

probability of behavioural response changed by consequences/stim. following response
voluntary
active learning
rewards/punishments

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23
Q

Operant

A

observable behaviour an organism uses to operate in its environment

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24
Q

Reinforcement

A

presentation/removal of stim. after a behaviour
strengthens response + makes it more likely to occur again

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25
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

stim. presented after a response
inc. probability of it happening again

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26
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

removal of unpleasant/adverse stim.
inc. probability of it happening again

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27
Q

Punishment

A

adverse/disliked stim. occurs after a behaviour + dec. probability of happening again

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28
Q

Positive punishment

A

Undesirable event follows behaviour

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29
Q

Negative punishment

A

Desirable event ends/item taken away after behaviour

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30
Q

Op. conditioning ABCs

A

Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequences

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31
Q

Antecedent

A

stim. precedes a behaviour
setting event

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32
Q

Behaviour

A

response displayed after antecedent
behaviour of interest

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33
Q

Consequences

A

stim occurs after behaviour + affects likelihood of recurrence
reinforcement/punishment of behaviours

34
Q

Schedules

A

rules that determine how often a reward given following a target behaviour

35
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

all correct responses rewarded

36
Q

Shaping

A

new behaviour produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to desired response

37
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

some but not all correct responses reinforced
effective for maintaining already learnt behaviour

38
Q

Schedule types

A

Fixed interval schedule
Variable interval schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Variable ratio schedule

39
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

rewards learner only for first correct response after some defined period of time

40
Q

Variable interval

A

rewards correct response after unpredictable amount of time

41
Q

Fixed ratio

A

only after defined number of correct responses

42
Q

Variable ratio

A

Unpredictable number of correct responses

43
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

natural

food, water

44
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

something learnt is a reward

good grades, money

45
Q

Law of Effect

A

animals repeat desired responses + stop doing responses that are punished in some way

46
Q

Token economies

A

system of behaviour modification based on systematic reinforcement of target behaviour
reinforcers = tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers
based on operant conditioning principles
tokens unlimited + not normally withdrawn/used as penalty

47
Q

E L Thorndike

A

proposed animals learn responses through experiencing consequences
law of effect

48
Q

Thorndike Law of effect strengths

A

concept of reinforcement
empirical data
led to many theories

49
Q

Thorndike Law of effect weaknesses

A

simplistic model
no accounting for cognitive/emotional aspects
ethics

50
Q

B F Skinner strengths

A

controlled experimental study
objective data + replicable findings
demonstrates operant theory
box used to investigate learning/motivation/behaviour

51
Q

B F Skinner weaknesses

A

validity- artificial environment
ethics
simplistic
no cognitive/emotional aspects
generalisation to animals

52
Q

Classical cond. strengths

A

emphasise importance of learning from environment- nurture over nature
principles used to treat anxiety/OCD/phobias/panic attacks/substance abuse
well founded/scientific/based on empirical evidence/controlled experiments

53
Q

Classical cond. weaknesses

A

problematic to apply to understanding of complex human behaviour
deterministic- no free will
unstable environments + various factors impacting reaction to stimulus

54
Q

Pavlov findings

A

when neutral stim. + natural, reflex-producing stim. paired, will begin to produce a learnt response even when presented by itself

55
Q

Pavlov strengths

A

good empirical basis- systematic observation + objective data collection
replicated
shown in other animals- including humans

56
Q

Pavlov weaknesses

A

animal subjects + should not be simply generalised
too simplistic
does not address cognitive processes involved

57
Q

7 elements of a token economy

A

target behaviours
type of tokens
backup reinforcers
reinforcement schedule
exchange criterion
time/place for exchange
response cost

58
Q

Exchange criterion

A

how many tokens needing to be exchanged for backup reinforcers

59
Q

Response cost

A

penalty/fine where tokens taken away for engaging in inappropriate behaviours

60
Q

Token economy advantages

A

individuals learn to postpone satisfaction of basic needs
easy to avoid saturation
demonstrates behaviour has consequences

61
Q

Token economy disadvantages

A

backup must appeal
target behaviour + rules for earning tokens must be clearly defined
must be able to obtain behaviour + backup

62
Q

Simple learning- mere exposure effect

A

a learned preference for stimulus to which we have been previously exposed- eg: buying same brands

63
Q

Simple learning

A

mere exposure effect
habituation

64
Q

Pavlov contributions to psych

A

Classical conditioning

65
Q

Little Albert contributions to psych

A

Classical conditioning
Generalisation
Spontaneous recovery

66
Q

Law of effect contributions to psych

A

Operant conditioning
Law of effect
Concept of reinforcement

67
Q

Skinner box contributions to psych

A

Operant conditioning
Learning, motivation, behaviour

68
Q

Observational learning

A

extension of operant
observe someone else getting rewarded but act as though we had also received reward
when new responses acquired after other’s behaviour + consequences observed

69
Q

Bandura

A

social behaviour learnt by observing behaviour in others + direct experiences with rewards/punishments

70
Q

Bandura key components

A

Observational learning, modeling, vicarious reinforcement

71
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

when observer witnesses model being rewarded/punished

72
Q

Models

A

Viewer observes + imitates
kids + adults tend to imitate people they like/respect
plays active role in process by choosing who models are, deciding if behaviour is consistent with own values, + produces desired outcomes

73
Q

Models mediational process steps

A

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

74
Q

Models- attention

A

learner must attend (observe) behaviour
stimuli focus
Imagined/internal + verbal

75
Q

Retention

A

learner must remember behaviour
rehearse/encode

76
Q

Motor reproduction

A

learner must be able to act what they have seen
practice/feedback

77
Q

Models- motivation

A

learner must feel motivated to demonstrate what they have learnt
reward/reinforce/incentives

77
Q

Bobo doll study

A

Bandura
Aggression
If social behaviours can be acquired by observation/imitation

78
Q

Bobo doll study method

A

Modelling
Aggression arousal
Test for delayed imitation

79
Q

Bobo doll results

A

Kids who observed aggressive model made for more imitative aggressive responses than those who were in non-aggressive/control groups

80
Q
A

PSYCH (6 decks)

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