Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH > Application to health > Flashcards

Application to health Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Stress

A

process by which we appraise + cope with/respond to stressors/ environmental threats + challenges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Selye stress

A

1936
non-specific response of the body to any demand for change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of stress

A

distress
eustress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Distress

A

negative response/affect/physiological reactivity

results from being overwhelmed by demands/losses/perceived threats

triggers physiological changes that can pose serious health risks, especially if combined with maladaptive ways of coping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Eustress

A

positive response
optimum levels of stimulation

results from challenging but attainable + enjoyable/ worthwhile tasks

beneficial effect by generating a sense of fulfilment/ achievement

facilitates growth/development/mastery/ + high levels of performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Curve of stress

A

stress inc. = performance + wellbeing (eustress) inc.

when stress exceeds, becomes distress

if stress remains excessive, health may begin to erode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Distress symptoms

A

avoidance/decreased performance
concern + irritability
overall unpleasant feeling
distracted/unable to focus
disrupted appetite + sleep patterns
low mood
anxious
negative impact to health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Eustress symptoms

A

motivating you to action
improves performance
increases energy
increases excitement
elevates mood
increases productivity
improved physiological functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stressors

A

any cause of stress
stimuli that place demands on us that require us to adapt our behaviour in some way + may threaten wellbeing + physical safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of stressors

A

environmental
psychological
social
cultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Environmental stressor

A

outside factors
eg: financial issues, workplace/school issues, global issues (war/disease), traffic, weather

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Psychological stressor

A

factors that impact emotions/feelings
Eg: life events- weddings, new job, having a baby, losing a job, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Social stressors

A

factors centering around relationships/lifestyle
Eg: trying to manage time to include all aspects of work + social life- sleep, bullying, social isolation, having healthy relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cultural stressors

A

factors specifically linked to cultural expectations
Eg: expectations on women to be good mothers, discrimination, religious expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Characteristics of stressors

A

nature- type + ability to manage (can be an emotion)
duration- acute/chronic
strength- intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 models of stress

A

stress as a response
stimulus
transaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stress as a response model

A

Hans Selye- 1956
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model
stress as a physiological response pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stress response concepts

A

is a defensive mechanism
follows 3 stages of alarm, resistance, + exhaustion
if prolonged/severe, could result in diseases of adaptation/ death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GAS strengths

A

empirically based, strong lab evidence
links + explains how stress causes disease
demonstrates that stress can cause death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GAS limitations

A

overemphasises biological processes & failed to recognise emotion + cognition
research based mostly on rats, not humans
assumes response is uniform for all stressors, but evidence suggest some stressors elicit dif. responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stress as a stimulus

A

Holmes + Rahe- 1967
a significant life event/change that demands response/adjustment/adaptation
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
stress is independent variable- cause of an experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

A

43 life events
scored according to estimated degree of adjustment demanded to person experiencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stress as stimulus theory assumptions

A

change is inherently stressful
life events demand same levels of adjustment across the population
common threshold of adjustment beyond which illness will result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SRRS strengths

A

some supporting evidence
provides a diagnostic useful tool for measuring stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

SRRS limitations

A

ignores cognitive aspects for effects of stress

no accounting for individual differences in appraisal (assess value) of life events

assumes life events are inherently stressful- some may take stress, not add

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stress as a transaction

A

Richard Lazarus
transactional theory of stress and coping (TTSC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Transactional theory of stress and coping (TTSC)

A

Richard Lazarus + Folkman
stress as a product of a transaction between a person + their complex environment
includes multiple systems- cog/physio/affective/psych/neurological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hardiness

A

referring to a pattern of personality characteristics that distinguishes people who remain healthy under life stress compared to those who develop health problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lazarus + Folkman stress definition

A

body’s internal reaction to any external stimulus that is deemed harmful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

TTSC strengths

A

human subjects in research
focus on cognitive processes + individual differences
takes into account emotions + cognitions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

TTSC limitations

A

difficult to experimentally evaluate
less emphasis on physiological factors of stress response
no cultural/social/environmental factors considered
implies primary appraisals are followed by secondary- could occur simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Coping strategy types

A

adaptive
maladaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Adaptive coping strategies

A

help manage stress responses in LT

EG: changing problem/ focusing on good

34
Q

Maladaptive coping behaviours

A

reduce experience of stress (arousal/symptoms) in ST but do not help/ could make problem worse in LT
can appear successful in ST- removing unwanted feelings

Eg: drinking to cope

35
Q

Sleep

A

natural occurrence
altered state of consciousness during which there is loss of some awareness of ourselves + environment

36
Q

Sleep-wake cycle

A

each day/night we have a period of sleep + being awake
24-hour circadian rhythm determined by an internal body clock located in the SCN

37
Q

SCN

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus
pair of distinct groups of cells located in hypothalamus

38
Q

Purpose of sleep theories

A

restorative theory
evolutionary theory

39
Q

Sleep restorative theory

A

sleep is essential for revitalising + restoring the physiological processes that keep the body + mind healthy + properly functioning
helps explain why sleep is important

40
Q

Sleep evolutionary theory

A

AKA adaptive theory of sleep
periods of activity + inactivity evolved as a means of conserving energy
focuses on when/why different species sleep

41
Q

What sleep does according to the restorative theory

A

repairs + replenishes body + preps it for action the next day
enhances mood
activates growth hormones
increases immunity to disease
increases alertness
consolidates memories (transfer to LT)

42
Q

What sleep does according to the evolutionary theory

A

depends on need to find food (harder to find= sleep less)
depends on animal’s vulnerability to predators
conserves energy (eg: hibernation due to harsh environment)

43
Q

Criticisms of restorative theory

A

assumes more sleep needed to recover from more activity- little evidence to support
assumes body is resting while sleeping- evidence shows that blood flow + energy expenditure can increase during REM

44
Q

Criticisms of evolutionary theory

A

assumes sleep is useful but not essential- doesn’t explain we MUST sleep/ address sleep deprivation
can actually be dangerous, not protective for some animals

45
Q

Stages of sleep

A

stage 1- dozing/ falling asleep
stage 2- light sleep
stage 3- slow wave sleep
stage 4- dreaming

46
Q

NREM

A

non-rapid eye movement
stages 1-3

47
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement
AKA active sleep
stage 4

48
Q

During S1- falling sleep

A

brain slows down
heartbeat, eye movements, + breathing normal but start to slow
body relaxes + muscles may twitch

49
Q

During S2- light sleep

A

less aware of surroundings
body temp drops
eye movements stop
breathing + heart rate become more regular at slower pace than when awake

50
Q

During S3- deep sleep

A

muscles completely relaxed
blood pressure drops + breathing slows
progress into deepest sleep

51
Q

During S4- dreaming

A

brain lights up with activity
body is relaxed + immobilised
breathing is faster + irregular
eyes move rapidly
dreaming

52
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram
method to measure electrical activity of brain

53
Q

Types of brain waves

A

gamma
beta
alpha
theta
delta

54
Q

Gamma waves

A

fastest
rhythm = 25-100 Hz
process info from various brain areas + responsible for conscious perception

55
Q

Beta waves

A

most common daytime waves
rhythm = 12-30 Hz
dominant in normal wakeful states + when focused on cognitive tasks- eg: problem solving/ decision making

56
Q

Alpha waves

A

8-12 Hz
involved in thinking/feeling/communicating/sleeping/ + general functioning

57
Q

Theta waves

A

3-8 Hz
during sleep + deep states of meditation

58
Q

Delta waves

A

0.5- 3 Hz
slowest
occur in deepest states of sleep

59
Q

light sleep time per cycle

A

20 mins

60
Q

deep sleep time per cycle

A

20-40 mins

61
Q

dreaming time per cycle

A

10-60 mins

62
Q

dozing time per cycle

A

5-10 mins

63
Q

NREM/REM cycle

A

1 cycle = around 90 mins
4-6 cycle per night
after 1st complete cycle, skip 1 and go straight into stage 2
tendency to awake briefly-often without conscious awareness- before/after a period of REM sleep

64
Q

Hypnograph

A

graph that plots stages of sleep in the cycle over time

65
Q

Newborn sleep

A

around 16 hours per day- half in REM

66
Q

Adult sleep

A

around 8 hours a day- 1/4 in REM

67
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

condition characterised by inadequate/ insufficient sleep sustained over a period of time

occurs when individual consistently fails to obtain the amount of sleep that they need- 1/3 of Australians

can lead to poor ST + LT health outcomes + impair everyday functioning

68
Q

Sleep health recommendations

A

School aged- 9-11 hrs
Teens- 8-10 hrs
Adults (18-64)- 7-9
Older adults- 7-8

for adults, slightly more or less may still be healthy/adequate

69
Q

Types of sleep deprivation

A

partial
chronic

70
Q

Partial sleep deprivation

A

some sleep in a 24 hr period but not enough to meet needs

not getting enough total sleep / deprived of one particular stage of sleep

71
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation

A

curtailed (restricted) sleep that persists for 3+ months
ongoing sleep deprivation + poor sleep that occurs due to sleep fragmentation/ other disruptions

72
Q

Insomnia

A

disorder where people find it hard to fall asleep/ hard to stay asleep/ wake up too early/during the night + cannot fall back asleep
can cause sleep deprivation

73
Q

Causes of sleep deprivation

A

shift work
alcohol use
stimulants- eg: caffeine later in day
bad sleep-related habits (sleep hygiene)
high stress levels
sleeping in new/unfamiliar place

74
Q

Sleep deprivation-environment

A

uncomfortable
heat/cold
noise
electronic back-lit devices

75
Q

Why do electronic devices affect sleep

A

emit blue light (short-wavelength enriched light)
reduces/delays natural production of melatonin + decrease feelings of sleepiness
reduces amount of time spent in stage 3 + REM sleep

76
Q

Sleep hygiene

A

healthy habits/behaviours/environmental factors that can be adjusted to help have a good nights sleep

77
Q

Techniques to reduce electronic device impact on sleep

A

tech ‘curfew’- at least 1 hr before bedtime
enable night mode- blue light filter
limit screen time- limit stimulating activities
do not disturb mode to prevent sleep disturbance
charge device outside room

78
Q

Ways to establish + improve consistent sleep patterns

A

regular bedtime
avoid long naps
exposure to natural light
better bedtime routine- calming

79
Q

Bright light therapy

A

AKA light therapy/phototherapy
treatment that involves exposure to bright artificial light to help regulate circadian rhythms + improve mood + sleep
5-10x stronger than normal indoor light + only needs short exposure in morning hours to trigger melatonin release
can use for shift work/jet lag

80
Q

Conductive sleep environment

A

comfort level
temp
darkness
noise
level of artificial lighting
clutter-free space for calm
smell
air circulation

81
Q
A

PSYCH (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions