LEARNING

Question 1

learning

what are the two types of learning

Answer 1

change in behavior due to experience

1) associative
2) non associative

Question 2

what are the three types of associative learning?

Answer 2

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational conditioning

Question 3

non-associative learning

Answer 3

repeated presentation of a single stimulus produces an enduring change in behavior
i.e habituation

Question 4

habituation

Answer 4

repeated presentations of a stimulus eventually reduce responses
i.e clock chimes in every 15 minutes, eventually you won’t notice it

Question 5

sensitization

Answer 5

repeated or long lasting presentation of an intense stimulus increases the response to a weaker stimulus

in movies.. long fighting scene followed by quiet then a slap.. sound of slap seemed more intense than usual

Question 6

associative learning

Answer 6

learning of a connection of either between two stimuli (classical conditioning) or between response and a stimulus ( operant conditioning)

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

aka pavlovian conditioning

produces changes in responding by pairing two stimuli together

Question 8

Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 8

the UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS produces a unconditioned response
-meat powder automatically produces salivation in dogs

• by repeated presenting meat powder and another neutral stimulus i.e bell
• neutral stimulus is capable of producing same response
• WHEN bell is rung, dog salivates
• bell ringing now becomes conditioned stimulus
• dog salivating conditioned response

Question 9

what is extinction

Answer 9

when the conditioned stimulus (bell) presented without the unconditioned stimulus (food), eventually the conditioned response will go away

Question 10

operant conditioning

Answer 10

involves learning an association between a stimulus and a response that follows it;

behaviors operates on the environment

Question 11

what is another term for operant conditioning?

Answer 11

instrumental conditioning

“the response is instrumental in making stimulus occur”

rewards and punishment

Question 12

how does operant conditioning work?

Answer 12

the consequences of the behavior affect the frequency of the response

Question 13

reinforcement

Answer 13

always INCREASE in the target behavior

-stimulus was APPLIED

Question 14

positive reinforcement

Answer 14

• behavior shows up
• presenting stimulus
  ie. rewarding a dog

Question 15

negative reinforcement

Answer 15

REMOVING stimulus

• still INCREASES frequency of behavior
  ie. headache going away after taking aspirin

Question 16

punishment

Answer 16

always DECREASE in target behavior

-stimulus REMOVED

Question 17

REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

Answer 17

determining when reinforcement will be given

Question 18

ratio schedule

Answer 18

HOW MANY TIMES a response has been made

Question 19

interval schedule

Answer 19

AMOUNT OF TIME since last reinforcement

Question 20

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 20

i.e. rat gets pellet EVERY SIX PRESSES of the lever

Question 21

variable ratio

Answer 21

i.e average number of presses required to get pellets is six

Question 22

fixed interval

Answer 22

amount of time between getting enforcer to give food is the same time say 6 seconds

Question 23

variable interval

Answer 23

amount of time between getting enforcer to give food varies

Question 24

extinction

Answer 24

when a stimulus that used to show up predictably doesn’t appear anymore. behavior doesn’t disappear but returns to it’s baseline level

Question 25

baseline level

Answer 25

frequency which behavior happened prior to conditioning

Question 26

observational learning

Answer 26

we personally don’t need to be reinforced or punished to increase frequency of response..

we can learn the consequences by what them happen to other people and then apply it to our own lives

Question 27

models

Answer 27

people from where we learn behavior

Question 28

vicariously

Answer 28

watching what happens to models