HISTORY AND METHODS Flashcards
Wilhem Wundt
- Who
- What domain of psychology?
- set up first psychology lab in Germany
- STRUCTURALIST
Psychology
Study of human behavior and mental processes
Structuralists
- What?
- Who?
- Why disfavored?
-focuses on the WHAT
Believe consciousness is made up of basic elements “structures”
-believes in introspection
-Edward Titchener
-subjective, couldn’t be used to study children and animals
INTROSPECTION
- WHAT?
- Domain?
- reporting on one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings
- structuralist
FUNCTIONALIST
-focuses on HOW mental experiences/processes were adaptive or functional for people
WILLIAM JAMES
- belief?
- domain?
- believed CONSCIOUSNESS and BEHAVIOR in general HELP people and animals ADJUST to their environment
- functionalist
INFANT-CAREGIVER ATTACHMENT
- example of structuralist
- example of functionalist
- STRUCTURALIST: examine feelings and behavior that arise in response to separation
- FUNCTIONALIST: study how those attachment keep infant close to caregiver
Give 4 modern approaches to understanding human behavior
1) biological approach
2) psychodynamic approach
3) behaviorist approach
4) cognitive approach
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
focuses on understanding PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES in how it affects behavior
-behavior reduced to workings of genes, neurotransmitter, hormones, nervous system, etc
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
- behaviors stems from interaction of INNATE DRIVES and SOCIAL RESTRICTIONS
- later, focus on attachment and interpersonal connection
- reasons for much of BEHAVIOR are UNCONSCIOUS and ROOTED IN CHILDHOOD
BEHAVIORIST APPROACH
- what?
- studies conducted on?
- two famous studies?
focus on LEARNED RESPONSES to predictable patterns of environmental stimuli
- often study ANIMALS
- PAVLOV’s study of classical conditioning and SKINNER’S study of operant conditioning
COGNITIVE APPROACH
focuses on problem solving, attention, expectations, memory and other THOUGHT PROCESSES
-anti-BEHAVIORISM
SIGMUND FREUD
- what kind of approach used?
- beliefs?
- PSYCHODYNAMIC
- most important urges are SEXUAL AND AGGRESSION
- how we resolve conflict bet. urges and societal restrictions determine our personality
HUMANISTIC APPROACH
- PEOPLE AREN’T MACHINES
- people are MOTIVATED BY desire for OPTIMAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- people are UNIQUE
- see people as basically GOOD
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
people’s desire for optimal growth and development
-MOTIVE to reach one’s full potential
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
“CAUSE”
- plotted in Y axis
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO INDEPEND. VARIABLE
CONTROL GROUP
NOT exposed to independent variable
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
“effect”
- involves MEASURING HOW subjects behave
- plotted in X axis
Placebo effect
subjects behave differently because they know they are being exposed to special treatment
placebo
pill contains inert substances rather than drug received
BLIND STUDY
subjects don’t know if they are receiving the drug or the placebo
DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY
both examiners and subjects DON’T KNOW who gets the drug or placebo
What are the 5 methods in which behaviors can be researched?
1) experiments
2) correlational studies
3) surveys
4) case studies
5) naturalistic observation
