Learning

Question 1

Classical Coditioning definition

Answer 1

Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning, occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring response, learner is passive, unconscious

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov was a behaviourist, in one experiment he discovered yo can condition dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, this is classical conditioning

Question 3

Elements of Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

NS: neutral stimulus-produces no naturally occurring response, UCS: unconditioned stimulus-produces a naturally occurring response, UCR: unconditioned response-naturally occurring response that occurs upon presentation of an unconditioned stimulus, CS: conditioned stimulus-stimulus that when repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response, CR: conditioned response-learned response that occurs upon presentation of conditioned stimulus

Question 4

Classical Conditioning process

Answer 4

Before: NS produces no response. During: The NS and UNS is paired together repeatedly to create an association which produces UCR. After: CS produces CR

Question 5

Acquisition

Answer 5

Acquisition: development of a conditioned response, through repeated association with unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

Extinction: disappearance of conditioned response, if you stop pairing the CS without the UCS the conditioned response will go away

Question 7

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

following extinction and a resting period the conditioned response reappears at the presentation of the conditioned stimulus, can occur multiple times but not at the same strength as the original response

Question 8

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 8

stimulus similar to original conditioned stimulus produces a similar response to the conditioned response

Question 9

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 9

occurs when an individual only elicits a the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus and not to any similar stimulus

Question 10

Opperant conditioning definition

Answer 10

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour

Question 11

ABC

Answer 11

Antecedent: initiates stimulates or triggers behaviour, Behaviour: response to stimulus, Consequence: outcome, shapes future behaviour

Question 12

Positive reinforcement

Answer 12

getting something good, behaviour repeats

Question 13

Positive punishment

Answer 13

give something bad, decreases behaviour

Question 14

Negative reinforcement

Answer 14

lose something good, decreases behaviour

Question 15

Negative punishment

Answer 15

remove something bad, increases behaviour

Question 16

Observational learning

Answer 16

a socio-cognitive (people-thought) approach to learning, an active process- Individual see’s person’s actions and the consequences of the action, deciding whether they’ll later reproduce them

Question 17

MODEL

Answer 17

The MODEL is the person observed and learnt from, there are many factors that influence the likelihood of a person learning a behaviour

Question 18

Stages of observational learning: ARRMR

Answer 18

Attention- actively watch the model Retention- remember- storing mental representation of behaviour Reproduction- has the mental and physical capacity to reproduce behaviour/attitude/etc Motivation- want to do it- desire to imitate behaviour
Reinforcement- experiencing positive outcome after completing behaviour, making them more likely to repeat in the future

Question 19

Types of motivation

Answer 19

intrinsic motivation-within the individual eg.desire to do well on exam Extrinsic motivation- factors external to the individual eg. wanting praise from teacher

Question 20

Types of reinforcement

Answer 20

Self-reinforcement-factors internal to individual eg, pride, External reinforcement- factors external to individual eg. receiving an award, Vicarious Reinforcement- behaviour is reinforced by watching model receive positive reinforcement, can enhance motivation and make it more likely for them to reproduce action again in future

Question 21

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander approaches to Learning

Answer 21

Learning/knowledge comes from the land and everything that comes/lives from the land, life comes from the land and go back to the land- stories and connection to country is very important (animals, plants, dreaming, stories, spirituality)