Learning Flashcards
Classical Coditioning definition
Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning, occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring response, learner is passive, unconscious
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov was a behaviourist, in one experiment he discovered yo can condition dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, this is classical conditioning
Elements of Classical Conditioning
NS: neutral stimulus-produces no naturally occurring response, UCS: unconditioned stimulus-produces a naturally occurring response, UCR: unconditioned response-naturally occurring response that occurs upon presentation of an unconditioned stimulus, CS: conditioned stimulus-stimulus that when repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response, CR: conditioned response-learned response that occurs upon presentation of conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning process
Before: NS produces no response. During: The NS and UNS is paired together repeatedly to create an association which produces UCR. After: CS produces CR
Acquisition
Acquisition: development of a conditioned response, through repeated association with unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus
Extinction
Extinction: disappearance of conditioned response, if you stop pairing the CS without the UCS the conditioned response will go away
Spontaneous recovery
following extinction and a resting period the conditioned response reappears at the presentation of the conditioned stimulus, can occur multiple times but not at the same strength as the original response
Stimulus generalisation
stimulus similar to original conditioned stimulus produces a similar response to the conditioned response
Stimulus discrimination
occurs when an individual only elicits a the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus and not to any similar stimulus
Opperant conditioning definition
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour
ABC
Antecedent: initiates stimulates or triggers behaviour, Behaviour: response to stimulus, Consequence: outcome, shapes future behaviour
Positive reinforcement
getting something good, behaviour repeats
Positive punishment
give something bad, decreases behaviour
Negative reinforcement
lose something good, decreases behaviour
Negative punishment
remove something bad, increases behaviour
Observational learning
a socio-cognitive (people-thought) approach to learning, an active process- Individual see’s person’s actions and the consequences of the action, deciding whether they’ll later reproduce them
MODEL
The MODEL is the person observed and learnt from, there are many factors that influence the likelihood of a person learning a behaviour
Stages of observational learning: ARRMR
Attention- actively watch the model Retention- remember- storing mental representation of behaviour Reproduction- has the mental and physical capacity to reproduce behaviour/attitude/etc Motivation- want to do it- desire to imitate behaviour
Reinforcement- experiencing positive outcome after completing behaviour, making them more likely to repeat in the future
Types of motivation
intrinsic motivation-within the individual eg.desire to do well on exam Extrinsic motivation- factors external to the individual eg. wanting praise from teacher
Types of reinforcement
Self-reinforcement-factors internal to individual eg, pride, External reinforcement- factors external to individual eg. receiving an award, Vicarious Reinforcement- behaviour is reinforced by watching model receive positive reinforcement, can enhance motivation and make it more likely for them to reproduce action again in future
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander approaches to Learning
Learning/knowledge comes from the land and everything that comes/lives from the land, life comes from the land and go back to the land- stories and connection to country is very important (animals, plants, dreaming, stories, spirituality)
