Learning Flashcards
Much of what most people consider learning is actually _______ or _________ .
Memory or cognition
A relatively permanent change in behavior or
cognition resulting from experience
Learning
define orienting response
attention is focused on a new event
Learning from experience often begins
with ___________ , having our attention
captured. We orient to new stimuli.
Orienting
Decline in response to an event that has become familiar through repeated presentation
(Exp. City noise, L in Chicago)
Habituation
Increase in response to an event that has been
repeated. Typically happens when stimuli
is aversive, or punishing
Sensitization
What are the two main learning models?
Operant conditioning, classical conditioning
Which learning model…
- Results in a conditioned reflex (autonomic
response to conditioned stimuli) - not under conscious control
Classical conditioning
Which learning model…
- Reinforcer strengthens association
- reinforcement/punishment after response
- Thus, instrumental in bringing about
consequence, via own behavior
Operant conditioning
Pavlov, Dog, Watson, Baby Albert, White rat
These are all nicknames for which learning model?
Classical conditioning
Thorndike (transitional; law of effect); Skinner
These are all nicknames for which learning model?
Operant conditioning
stimulus that leads to no particular response, or irrelevant response
neutral stimulus
A stimulus that automatically leads to a response prior to any training
Examples: Loud Noise; Food
Unconditioned stimulus
The response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of US
Examples: Flinching; Salivating
Unconditioned Response
Neutral stimulus that is paired with the US during classical conditioning
Examples: hearing the name Pavlov; Feeder’s
footsteps or door opening or metronome
Conditioned stimulus
The learned response produced by the conditioned stimulus
Examples: Flinching; Dog salivates (CR) when
hearing the feeder’s footsteps (CS)
Conditioned Response
Procedure in which an established CS is used to condition a second neutral stimulus – CS is thing you already learned to like, paired with the product
Second-order conditioning
If behavior (r) INCREASES or becomes more
likely or association is strengthened, the Rs is _________
Reinforcing
If behavior (r) DECREASES or becomes less likely
or association is weakened, the Rs is _________.
Punishing
- Reinforcers (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
- Punishments (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
reinforcers increase
punishments decrease
- Reinforcers (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
- Punishments (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
reinforcers increase
punishments decrease
Latent learning is associated with who?
Tolman
After little Albert learned to fear the white rat, the white rat became the…
Conditioned stimulus
The psychological term for remembering is
retrieval
what type of memory is echoic memory
sensory
How long does echoic memory last?
about 1/3 of a second
what memory lasts about 10 seconds?
working/ short term memory
how long does long term memory last?
indefinitely
how do you increase the duration of memory?
maitenance rehearsal
How do you increase capacity of short term memory?
chunking
Your roommate asks you to pick up orange juice, bread, and a few other things, and milk at the store. You get to the store, and all you can remember is the orange juice, due to…
Proactive interference
Brain damage can cause a condition in which no further memories are made, called
anterograde amnesia
Stimulus situation in which a particular response will be followed by Rs
discriminative stimulus
If behavior (r) INCREASES or becomes more
likely or association is strengthened, the Rs is
______________
Reinforcement
If behavior (r) DECREASES or becomes less likely
or association is weakened, the Rs is _________.
(May be positive or negative)
Punishment
something that, when added after a response, increases likelihood of that response occurring again
Positive reinforcement
something that, when removed after a response, increases likelihood of that response occurring again
Negative reinforcement
Problem: Complex behaviors unlikely to occur spontaneously, so they are hard to reinforce
Solution: __________
shaping
Reinforcement delivered for first response after a fixed interval of time
Fixed-interval
biological imperatives, instincts (species cued innate behavior) impact learning of behavioral responses
Instinctive Drift
