Learning

Question 1

Much of what most people consider learning is actually _______ or _________ .

Answer 1

Memory or cognition

Question 2

A relatively permanent change in behavior or
cognition resulting from experience

Answer 2

Learning

Question 3

define orienting response

Answer 3

attention is focused on a new event

Question 4

Learning from experience often begins
with ___________ , having our attention
captured. We orient to new stimuli.

Answer 4

Orienting

Question 5

Decline in response to an event that has become familiar through repeated presentation
(Exp. City noise, L in Chicago)

Answer 5

Habituation

Question 6

Increase in response to an event that has been
repeated. Typically happens when stimuli
is aversive, or punishing

Answer 6

Sensitization

Question 7

What are the two main learning models?

Answer 7

Operant conditioning, classical conditioning

Question 8

Which learning model…

• Results in a conditioned reflex (autonomic
  response to conditioned stimuli)
• not under conscious control

Answer 8

Classical conditioning

Question 9

Which learning model…

• Reinforcer strengthens association
• reinforcement/punishment after response
• Thus, instrumental in bringing about
  consequence, via own behavior

Answer 9

Operant conditioning

Question 10

Pavlov, Dog, Watson, Baby Albert, White rat

These are all nicknames for which learning model?

Answer 10

Classical conditioning

Question 11

Thorndike (transitional; law of effect); Skinner

These are all nicknames for which learning model?

Answer 11

Operant conditioning

Question 12

stimulus that leads to no particular response, or irrelevant response

Answer 12

neutral stimulus

Question 13

A stimulus that automatically leads to a response prior to any training
Examples: Loud Noise; Food

Answer 13

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

The response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of US
Examples: Flinching; Salivating

Answer 14

Unconditioned Response

Question 15

Neutral stimulus that is paired with the US during classical conditioning

Examples: hearing the name Pavlov; Feeder’s
footsteps or door opening or metronome

Answer 15

Conditioned stimulus

Question 16

The learned response produced by the conditioned stimulus

Examples: Flinching; Dog salivates (CR) when
hearing the feeder’s footsteps (CS)

Answer 16

Conditioned Response

Question 17

Procedure in which an established CS is used to condition a second neutral stimulus – CS is thing you already learned to like, paired with the product

Answer 17

Second-order conditioning

Question 18

If behavior (r) INCREASES or becomes more
likely or association is strengthened, the Rs is _________

Answer 18

Reinforcing

Question 19

If behavior (r) DECREASES or becomes less likely
or association is weakened, the Rs is _________.

Answer 19

Punishing

Question 20

• Reinforcers (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
• Punishments (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring

Answer 20

reinforcers increase

punishments decrease

Question 20

• Reinforcers (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
• Punishments (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring

Answer 20

reinforcers increase

punishments decrease

Question 21

Latent learning is associated with who?

Answer 21

Tolman

Question 22

After little Albert learned to fear the white rat, the white rat became the…

Answer 22

Conditioned stimulus

Question 23

The psychological term for remembering is

Answer 23

retrieval

Question 24

what type of memory is echoic memory

Answer 24

sensory

Question 25

How long does echoic memory last?

Answer 25

about 1/3 of a second

Question 26

what memory lasts about 10 seconds?

Answer 26

working/ short term memory

Question 27

how long does long term memory last?

Answer 27

indefinitely

Question 28

how do you increase the duration of memory?

Answer 28

maitenance rehearsal

Question 29

How do you increase capacity of short term memory?

Answer 29

chunking

Question 30

Your roommate asks you to pick up orange juice, bread, and a few other things, and milk at the store. You get to the store, and all you can remember is the orange juice, due to...

Answer 30

Proactive interference

Question 31

Brain damage can cause a condition in which no further memories are made, called

Answer 31

anterograde amnesia

Question 32

Stimulus situation in which a particular response will be followed by Rs

Answer 32

discriminative stimulus

Question 33

If behavior (r) INCREASES or becomes more likely or association is strengthened, the Rs is ______________

Answer 33

Reinforcement

Question 34

If behavior (r) DECREASES or becomes less likely or association is weakened, the Rs is _________. (May be positive or negative)

Answer 34

Punishment

Question 35

something that, when added after a response, increases likelihood of that response occurring again

Answer 35

Positive reinforcement

Question 36

something that, when removed after a response, increases likelihood of that response occurring again

Answer 36

Negative reinforcement

Question 37

Problem: Complex behaviors unlikely to occur spontaneously, so they are hard to reinforce Solution: __________

Answer 37

shaping

Question 38

Reinforcement delivered for first response after a fixed interval of time

Answer 38

Fixed-interval

Question 39

biological imperatives, instincts (species cued innate behavior) impact learning of behavioral responses

Answer 39

Instinctive Drift