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Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Much of what most people consider learning is actually _______ or _________ .

A

Memory or cognition

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2
Q

A relatively permanent change in behavior or
cognition resulting from experience

A

Learning

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3
Q

define orienting response

A

attention is focused on a new event

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4
Q

Learning from experience often begins
with ___________ , having our attention
captured. We orient to new stimuli.

A

Orienting

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5
Q

Decline in response to an event that has become familiar through repeated presentation
(Exp. City noise, L in Chicago)

A

Habituation

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6
Q

Increase in response to an event that has been
repeated. Typically happens when stimuli
is aversive, or punishing

A

Sensitization

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7
Q

What are the two main learning models?

A

Operant conditioning, classical conditioning

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8
Q

Which learning model…

  • Results in a conditioned reflex (autonomic
    response to conditioned stimuli)
  • not under conscious control
A

Classical conditioning

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9
Q

Which learning model…

  • Reinforcer strengthens association
  • reinforcement/punishment after response
  • Thus, instrumental in bringing about
    consequence, via own behavior
A

Operant conditioning

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10
Q

Pavlov, Dog, Watson, Baby Albert, White rat

These are all nicknames for which learning model?

A

Classical conditioning

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11
Q

Thorndike (transitional; law of effect); Skinner

These are all nicknames for which learning model?

A

Operant conditioning

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12
Q

stimulus that leads to no particular response, or irrelevant response

A

neutral stimulus

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13
Q

A stimulus that automatically leads to a response prior to any training
Examples: Loud Noise; Food

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

The response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of US
Examples: Flinching; Salivating

A

Unconditioned Response

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15
Q

Neutral stimulus that is paired with the US during classical conditioning

Examples: hearing the name Pavlov; Feeder’s
footsteps or door opening or metronome

A

Conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

The learned response produced by the conditioned stimulus

Examples: Flinching; Dog salivates (CR) when
hearing the feeder’s footsteps (CS)

A

Conditioned Response

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17
Q

Procedure in which an established CS is used to condition a second neutral stimulus – CS is thing you already learned to like, paired with the product

A

Second-order conditioning

18
Q

If behavior (r) INCREASES or becomes more
likely or association is strengthened, the Rs is _________

A

Reinforcing

19
Q

If behavior (r) DECREASES or becomes less likely
or association is weakened, the Rs is _________.

A

Punishing

20
Q
  • Reinforcers (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
  • Punishments (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
A

reinforcers increase

punishments decrease

20
Q
  • Reinforcers (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
  • Punishments (increase/decrease) the behavioral response occurring
A

reinforcers increase

punishments decrease

21
Q

Latent learning is associated with who?

A

Tolman

22
Q

After little Albert learned to fear the white rat, the white rat became the…

A

Conditioned stimulus

23
Q

The psychological term for remembering is

A

retrieval

24
Q

what type of memory is echoic memory

A

sensory

25
Q

How long does echoic memory last?

A

about 1/3 of a second

26
Q

what memory lasts about 10 seconds?

A

working/ short term memory

27
Q

how long does long term memory last?

A

indefinitely

28
Q

how do you increase the duration of memory?

A

maitenance rehearsal

29
Q

How do you increase capacity of short term memory?

A

chunking

30
Q

Your roommate asks you to pick up orange juice, bread, and a few other things, and milk at the store. You get to the store, and all you can remember is the orange juice, due to…

A

Proactive interference

31
Q

Brain damage can cause a condition in which no further memories are made, called

A

anterograde amnesia

32
Q

Stimulus situation in which a particular response will be followed by Rs

A

discriminative stimulus

33
Q

If behavior (r) INCREASES or becomes more
likely or association is strengthened, the Rs is
______________

A

Reinforcement

34
Q

If behavior (r) DECREASES or becomes less likely
or association is weakened, the Rs is _________.
(May be positive or negative)

A

Punishment

35
Q

something that, when added after a response, increases likelihood of that response occurring again

A

Positive reinforcement

36
Q

something that, when removed after a response, increases likelihood of that response occurring again

A

Negative reinforcement

37
Q

Problem: Complex behaviors unlikely to occur spontaneously, so they are hard to reinforce
Solution: __________

A

shaping

38
Q

Reinforcement delivered for first response after a fixed interval of time

A

Fixed-interval

39
Q

biological imperatives, instincts (species cued innate behavior) impact learning of behavioral responses

A

Instinctive Drift

Psychology (6 decks)

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