Consciousness Flashcards by Ashlyn Williamson

Subjective awareness of internal and external events

consciousness

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internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning

Attention

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We shut out everything except what we are paying attention to
Exp: conversation with friend nearby

Focused Attention

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Fast, effortless processing that requires little
or no focused attention

Automaticity

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What does “subliminal” mean?

Below level of awareness

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Tendency to ignore things on one side of the
body (usually left)

Visual Neglect

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what causes visual neglect?

damage to right parietal lobe

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reading only one side of a page and dressing one side of body are both symptoms of

Visual neglect

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damage to the primary visual cortex. As a result, unaware of perceiving stimuli within a restricted area of their visual field

Blindsight

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Prosopagnosia

Unable to recognize familiar faces

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Distractible, attention shifts preventing completion of tasks are symptoms of…

ADHD

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Fasting, meditation, psychedelic drugs, dancing, and pain all cause…

Altered states of consciousness

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Hypnosis is an altered…

state of consciousness

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Social interaction that produces heightened state of suggestibility in a willing participant

Hypnosis

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Is hypnosis considered a deep sleep?

NO!

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“Mesmerism” is a phrase used for

hypnosis

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Who found hypnosis?

Franz Mesmer

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What form of altered consciousness is the most common?

Sleep!

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A periodically occurring reversible state of reduced contact of the organism with the environment

Sleep

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sleep is characterized by reduced…

awareness, control, physical activity, muscle tension

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Regular rhythms, patterns, or cycles of sleepiness/wakefulness

circadian Rhythms

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How long are Circadian Rhythms/ cycles

A bit longer than 24 hours

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Circadian Rhythm minicycle times are…

every 12 hours (1-4 am, 1-4 pm)

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the 3 environmental factors for circadian rhythms are:

Light
temperature
social environment

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What's the world record for no sleep?

11 days

When sleep deprived, when do hallucination start?

at about day 4

What are the 2 hypotheses about the function of sleep?

System maintenance survival value

is System Maintenance adaptive or restorative?

Restorative

Is survival Value adaptive or restorative?

adaptive

"Down time" helps repair normal wear and tear on body and brain This is a definition of...

System maintenance

-Sleep removes the organism form a hostile environment -short sleepers need more food, longer sleepers eat more protein this is an example of...

Survival value

how many sleep stages do we cycle through

4 stages

how many times do we go through all the sleep cycles per night? How long per cycle?

4-5 times per night ~90 min per cycle

When does REM normally begin?

~ 70-90 min into cycle

_____ dominates later sleep cycle stages, especially right before waking

REM

Most people awakened during REM report _____

dreaming

- Increased heart rate, respiration - rolling eye movement - twitching - Skeletal muscle paralysis - EEG similar to waking state - Physiological signs of sexual arousal these are all physiological changes in....

REM

Sleep walking, nightmares, etc DO or DO NOT happen in REM

DO NOT

Define the Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Brain's attempt to make sense of random patterns of neural activity

Explain Higher-order functions/problem solving:

Practice responses to threats from environment; simulations, prospective function

Manifest and Latent content cam from who?

Freud

Explain the difference between Manifest and Latent content.

Manifest: specific; what's happening in the dream Latent: what the symbols in a dream actually mean

Frightening, anxiety-arousing dreams that occur primarily during REM sleep

Nightmares

Where do nightmares primarily occur?

REM sleep

Sleeper appears to be in an extreme state of panic or fear

Night terror

Sleeper rises during sleep and wanders about

sleepwalking

When do night terrors typically occur?

Non-REM stages

When does sleepwalking typically occur?

Non-REM stages

You wake up paralyzed! Can't move arms or legs! How can you explain this?

You woke up in REM sleep. In REM, your skeletal muscles are paralyzed. You wait for your body to catch up with your consciousness.

In your dream, you can't move, or can only move in slow motion. How can you explain this?

You are close to consciousness from waking, but can't move your muscles due to paralysis in REM sleep.

You suddenly jerk awake, or dream you are falling, and wake up suddenly How can you explain this?

Muscular jerks while asleep- Jump-start signal your brain sends to wake your body up, when it thinks that it is falling from lack of stimulus for deep sleep, or fast fall in breathing and heart-rate seem like you are dying.

What is Hypnic Myoclonia?

Muscular jerk while asleep This is what happens when you jerk yourself awake

Drugs that affect behavior and mental processes through alterations of conscious awareness

psychoactive drugs

How do psychoactive drugs work?

Work mainly by changing communication channels of neurons

What are two things that can happen with repeated use of psychoactive drugs?

Tolerance and Drug dependancy

When your body adapts to compensate for continued use, such that increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effects.

Tolerance

Building up a tolerance to psychoactive drugs can lead to...

Long term depression, anhedonia

Condition in which an individual experiences physical or psychological need for the drug

drug dependency

Drug dependency with psychoactive drugs can lead to...

Psychological dependency: may result in withdrawal

What is drug withdrawal

Physical reactions when a person stops taking a drug

What are the 4 main categories of psychoactive drugs?

Depressants Stimulants opiates/ opioids Hallucinogens

Psychoactive drugs that slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)

Depressants

Psychoactive drugs that increase activity of the CNA

Stimulants

Psychoactive drugs that depress CNS activity, reduce pain, and produce euphoria

Opiates/ Opioids

Psychoactive drugs that affect perception, distort reality

Hallucinogens

Ethyl alcohol; barbiturates, tranquilizers these are examples of what type of psychoactive drug?

Depressants

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA (ecstasy) These are example of what type of psychoactive drugs?

Stimulants

Opium, heroin, morphine; codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone these are examples of what type of psychoactive drugs?

Opiates/ Opioids

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, marijuana these are examples of what type of psychoactive drugs?

Hallucinogens