Consciousness Flashcards
Subjective awareness of internal and external events
consciousness
internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning
Attention
We shut out everything except what we are paying attention to
Exp: conversation with friend nearby
Focused Attention
Fast, effortless processing that requires little
or no focused attention
Automaticity
What does “subliminal” mean?
Below level of awareness
Tendency to ignore things on one side of the
body (usually left)
Visual Neglect
what causes visual neglect?
damage to right parietal lobe
reading only one side of a page and dressing one side of body are both symptoms of
Visual neglect
damage to the primary visual cortex. As a result, unaware of perceiving stimuli within a restricted area of their visual field
Blindsight
Prosopagnosia
Unable to recognize familiar faces
Distractible, attention shifts preventing completion of tasks are symptoms of…
ADHD
Fasting, meditation, psychedelic drugs, dancing, and pain all cause…
Altered states of consciousness
Hypnosis is an altered…
state of consciousness
Social interaction that produces heightened state of suggestibility in a willing participant
Hypnosis
Is hypnosis considered a deep sleep?
NO!
“Mesmerism” is a phrase used for
hypnosis
Who found hypnosis?
Franz Mesmer
What form of altered consciousness is the most common?
Sleep!
A periodically occurring reversible state of reduced contact of the organism with the environment
Sleep
sleep is characterized by reduced…
awareness, control, physical activity, muscle tension
Regular rhythms, patterns, or cycles of sleepiness/wakefulness
circadian Rhythms
How long are Circadian Rhythms/ cycles
A bit longer than 24 hours
Circadian Rhythm minicycle times are…
every 12 hours (1-4 am, 1-4 pm)
the 3 environmental factors for circadian rhythms are:
Light
temperature
social environment
What’s the world record for no sleep?
11 days
When sleep deprived, when do hallucination start?
at about day 4
What are the 2 hypotheses about the function of sleep?
System maintenance
survival value
is System Maintenance adaptive or restorative?
Restorative
Is survival Value adaptive or restorative?
adaptive
“Down time” helps repair normal wear and tear on body and brain
This is a definition of…
System maintenance
-Sleep removes the organism form a hostile environment
-short sleepers need more food, longer sleepers eat more protein
this is an example of…
Survival value
how many sleep stages do we cycle through
4 stages
how many times do we go through all the sleep cycles per night?
How long per cycle?
4-5 times per night
~90 min per cycle
When does REM normally begin?
~ 70-90 min into cycle
_____ dominates later sleep cycle stages, especially right before waking
REM
Most people awakened during REM report _____
dreaming
- Increased heart rate, respiration
- rolling eye movement
- twitching
- Skeletal muscle paralysis
- EEG similar to waking state
- Physiological signs of sexual arousal
these are all physiological changes in….
REM
Sleep walking, nightmares, etc DO or DO NOT happen in REM
DO NOT
Define the Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Brain’s attempt to make sense of random patterns of neural activity
Explain Higher-order functions/problem solving:
Practice responses to threats from environment; simulations, prospective function
Manifest and Latent content cam from who?
Freud
Explain the difference between Manifest and Latent content.
Manifest: specific; what’s happening in the dream
Latent: what the symbols in a dream actually mean
Frightening, anxiety-arousing dreams that occur primarily during REM sleep
Nightmares
Where do nightmares primarily occur?
REM sleep
Sleeper appears to be in an extreme state of panic or fear
Night terror
Sleeper rises during sleep and wanders about
sleepwalking
When do night terrors typically occur?
Non-REM stages
When does sleepwalking typically occur?
Non-REM stages
You wake up paralyzed! Can’t move arms or legs!
How can you explain this?
You woke up in REM sleep. In REM, your skeletal muscles are paralyzed. You wait for your body to catch up with your consciousness.
In your dream, you can’t move, or can only move in slow motion.
How can you explain this?
You are close to consciousness from waking, but can’t move your muscles due to paralysis in REM sleep.
You suddenly jerk awake, or dream you are falling, and wake up suddenly
How can you explain this?
Muscular jerks while asleep- Jump-start signal your brain sends to wake your body up, when it thinks that it is falling from lack of stimulus for deep sleep, or fast fall in breathing and heart-rate seem like you are dying.
What is Hypnic Myoclonia?
Muscular jerk while asleep
This is what happens when you jerk yourself awake
Drugs that affect behavior and mental processes through alterations of conscious awareness
psychoactive drugs
How do psychoactive drugs work?
Work mainly by changing communication channels of neurons
What are two things that can happen with repeated use of psychoactive drugs?
Tolerance and Drug dependancy
When your body adapts to compensate for continued use, such that increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effects.
Tolerance
Building up a tolerance to psychoactive drugs can lead to…
Long term depression, anhedonia
Condition in which an individual experiences physical or psychological need for the drug
drug dependency
Drug dependency with psychoactive drugs can lead to…
Psychological dependency: may result in withdrawal
What is drug withdrawal
Physical reactions when a person stops taking a drug
What are the 4 main categories of psychoactive drugs?
Depressants
Stimulants
opiates/ opioids
Hallucinogens
Psychoactive drugs that slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)
Depressants
Psychoactive drugs that increase activity of the CNA
Stimulants
Psychoactive drugs that depress CNS activity, reduce pain, and produce euphoria
Opiates/ Opioids
Psychoactive drugs that affect perception, distort reality
Hallucinogens
Ethyl alcohol; barbiturates, tranquilizers
these are examples of what type of psychoactive drug?
Depressants
Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA (ecstasy)
These are example of what type of psychoactive drugs?
Stimulants
Opium, heroin, morphine; codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone
these are examples of what type of psychoactive drugs?
Opiates/ Opioids
LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, marijuana
these are examples of what type of psychoactive drugs?
Hallucinogens
