Exam 1

Question 1

define “clinical bias”

Answer 1

The incorrect perception that psychologists are all clinicians (treatment providers)

Question 2

__________ + __________ = psychology

Answer 2

Philosophy + Physiology

Question 3

Psychology:
“psyche” = ______________
“ology” = _____________

Answer 3

inner spirit
scientific study

Question 4

Psychology is the scientific study of…

Answer 4

mental (cognitive) processes and behavior

Question 5

Science is about _______ investigation- knowable through direct observation

Answer 5

Empirical

Question 6

Do psychologists typically study normal or abnormal behaviors?

Answer 6

Normal

Question 7

Nativism

Answer 7

the mind possesses innately a set of procedures or internally represented processing rules

Question 8

Who was considered the “Father of Psychology”?

Answer 8

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 9

The basic constituent elements of mind, and conscious experience

Answer 9

Structuralism

Question 10

List the 3 structuralists discussed in class and how they contributed

Answer 10

1) Wundt= started it all w/ lab
2) Tichner= gave structuralism its name
3) Fechner= “Weber’s Law” on JND

Question 11

what structuralist analyzed elements of sensations and feelings?

Answer 11

Tichner

Question 12

Empirical research

Answer 12

Observable, replicable, regular)

Question 13

Falsifiable

Answer 13

(can be disproved)

Question 14

phrenology

Answer 14

reading bumps on the skull

Question 15

Palmistry

Answer 15

Reading palms

Question 16

List the 4 steps in a scientific investigation.

Answer 16

1. NOTE a phenomenon of interest
2. DETECT regularities to generate predictions
3. GENERATE hypothesis
4. TEST

Question 17

Define Hypothesis

Answer 17

“A prediction about the relationship between variables”

Question 18

What are the 2 types of research methods?

Answer 18

Descriptive and experimental

Question 19

Descriptive Research methods

Answer 19

Naturalistic, Observation, Case Study ETC

Question 20

Experimental Research Methods

Answer 20

Controlled group, uses inferential statistics to give associated Probability

Question 21

All Research must be _________ & __________

Answer 21

valid and reliable

Question 22

What are the 3 different kinds of validity? Define them

Answer 22

Face Validity= on the face of things, seems valid, but isn’t
External Validity= asking “is this valid to the real world”
Internal validity= have we captured the relationship of what we are trying to measure, w/o cofounds

Question 23

When the act of observing influences or affects the behavior under investigation

Answer 23

Reactivity

Question 24

What was the focus of the Phineas Gage case study

Answer 24

He had a major head injury, surgery changed his entire personality

Question 25

Difference between sample and population

Answer 25

Sample= people participating in your study Population= the group you really care about

Question 26

Self report close-ended questions

Answer 26

surveys

Question 27

Arithmetic average of a set of scores

Answer 27

Mean

Question 28

Most frequently occurring score in a set of scores

Answer 28

Mode

Question 29

Middle point in a set of scores

Answer 29

Median

Question 30

What is correlation

Answer 30

Measure of association between two variables

Question 31

What does a correlation coefficient tell us?

Answer 31

Direction of the relationship Strength of the relationship

Question 32

Environment agents that damage the developing child

Answer 32

Teratogens

Question 33

What is it when you manipulate a variable, note what changes, and allow determination of cause and effect relationships

Answer 33

an experiment

Question 34

What is the definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

Answer 34

Operational definition

Question 35

Independent variable

Answer 35

X variable is manipulated by the experimenter

Question 36

Dependent variable

Answer 36

y variable the outcome of interest

Question 37

When everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample, or assigned to either group in an experiment

Answer 37

Random Sampling

Question 38

Define the Law of Large Numbers

Answer 38

The larger our sample, the more confidence we have that our results reflect the true state of the population

Question 39

Bayesian analysis

Answer 39

Estimates parameters of underlying distributions based on what is already known

Question 40

Process of gaining permission and providing explanation of risks, procedures...

Answer 40

INFORMAL CONCENT

Question 41

What does the central nervous system focus on

Answer 41

the brain and spinal cord

Question 42

What 2 parts is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

Answer 42

Somatic nervous system (musculatory sensation) Autonomic nervous system (regulated by hypothalamus and brain stem)

Question 43

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 43

"fight or flight" response Prepared body for emergencies

Question 44

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 44

"rest and digest" Calms the body

Question 45

Where do dendrites originate?

Answer 45

at the soma

Question 46

What is the function of dendrites

Answer 46

receiving information

Question 47

What is the neural function of the soma

Answer 47

information is processed

Question 48

what is the neural function of the axon

Answer 48

transmits information

Question 49

The _________ is the microscopic gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrite of the next one

Answer 49

Synapse

Question 50

_____________ Flow into the synapse from the terminal buttons

Answer 50

neurotransmitters

Question 51

Details about Glial cells

Answer 51

"glue" cells More plentiful than neurons involved in recycling neurotransmitters

Question 52

a neuron at rest has a ___________ charge

Answer 52

slightly negative

Question 53

List and describe the action potential: excitatory message steps

Answer 53

1. Neuron receives stimulation 2. Sodium channel opens, sodium rushes in, so more positive charge 3. When threshold voltage is reached, action potential occurs

Question 54

What are the excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 54

Acetylcholine (ACh) Glutamate

Question 55

what are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 55

GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid) Serotonin

Question 56

What is the one modulating neurotransmitter

Answer 56

Dopamine

Question 57

what is the function of acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 57

Excitatory- muscles, CNA, memory (alzheimers)

Question 58

What is the function of Dopamine?

Answer 58

Modulating- smoothes out movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain (Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's)

Question 59

What is the function of serotonin?

Answer 59

Inhibitory- mood, arousal, alertness (depression)

Question 60

What is the function of GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid)

Answer 60

Inhibitory- CNS (Anxiety)

Question 61

What is the function of Glutamate

Answer 61

Excitatory, most prevalent in cortex (followed by GABA)

Question 62

Drugs that affect behavior and mental processes through alterations of conscious awareness are considered...

Answer 62

Psychoactive drugs

Question 63

What are the categories of psychoactive drugs

Answer 63

Depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens

Question 64

Division of the brain: inner to outer

Answer 64

hindbrain midbrain forebrain

Question 65

Divisions of the brain: front to back (cerebral cortex lobes)

Answer 65

Frontal: planning, decision making, memory, personality Parietal: processing sensations of touch, temperature, pain Temporal lobes: auditory processing, speech language, comprehension (left hemisphere) Occipital lobes: vision

Question 66

divisions of the brain: left/right hemisphere functions

Answer 66

language vs. spatial

Question 67

communication system that uses the bloodstream rather than neurons

Answer 67

The endocrine system

Question 68

MRI vs. fMRI

Answer 68

MRI studies brain anatomy fMRI studies brain function

Question 69

What is the BOLD signal

Answer 69

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signal