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Psychology > Exam 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

define “clinical bias”

A

The incorrect perception that psychologists are all clinicians (treatment providers)

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2
Q

__________ + __________ = psychology

A

Philosophy + Physiology

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3
Q

Psychology:
“psyche” = ______________
“ology” = _____________

A

inner spirit
scientific study

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4
Q

Psychology is the scientific study of…

A

mental (cognitive) processes and behavior

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5
Q

Science is about _______ investigation- knowable through direct observation

A

Empirical

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6
Q

Do psychologists typically study normal or abnormal behaviors?

A

Normal

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7
Q

Nativism

A

the mind possesses innately a set of procedures or internally represented processing rules

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8
Q

Who was considered the “Father of Psychology”?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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9
Q

The basic constituent elements of mind, and conscious experience

A

Structuralism

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10
Q

List the 3 structuralists discussed in class and how they contributed

A

1) Wundt= started it all w/ lab
2) Tichner= gave structuralism its name
3) Fechner= “Weber’s Law” on JND

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11
Q

what structuralist analyzed elements of sensations and feelings?

A

Tichner

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12
Q

Empirical research

A

Observable, replicable, regular)

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13
Q

Falsifiable

A

(can be disproved)

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14
Q

phrenology

A

reading bumps on the skull

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15
Q

Palmistry

A

Reading palms

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16
Q

List the 4 steps in a scientific investigation.

A
  1. NOTE a phenomenon of interest
  2. DETECT regularities to generate predictions
  3. GENERATE hypothesis
  4. TEST
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17
Q

Define Hypothesis

A

“A prediction about the relationship between variables”

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of research methods?

A

Descriptive and experimental

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19
Q

Descriptive Research methods

A

Naturalistic, Observation, Case Study ETC

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20
Q

Experimental Research Methods

A

Controlled group, uses inferential statistics to give associated Probability

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21
Q

All Research must be _________ & __________

A

valid and reliable

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22
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of validity? Define them

A

Face Validity= on the face of things, seems valid, but isn’t
External Validity= asking “is this valid to the real world”
Internal validity= have we captured the relationship of what we are trying to measure, w/o cofounds

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23
Q

When the act of observing influences or affects the behavior under investigation

A

Reactivity

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24
Q

What was the focus of the Phineas Gage case study

A

He had a major head injury, surgery changed his entire personality

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25
Q

Difference between sample and population

A

Sample= people participating in your study
Population= the group you really care about

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26
Q

Self report close-ended questions

A

surveys

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27
Q

Arithmetic average of a set of scores

A

Mean

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28
Q

Most frequently occurring score in a set of scores

A

Mode

29
Q

Middle point in a set of scores

A

Median

30
Q

What is correlation

A

Measure of association between two variables

31
Q

What does a correlation coefficient tell us?

A

Direction of the relationship
Strength of the relationship

32
Q

Environment agents that damage the developing child

A

Teratogens

33
Q

What is it when you manipulate a variable, note what changes, and allow determination of cause and effect relationships

A

an experiment

34
Q

What is the definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

A

Operational definition

35
Q

Independent variable

A

X variable is manipulated by the experimenter

36
Q

Dependent variable

A

y variable the outcome of interest

37
Q

When everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample, or assigned to either group in an experiment

A

Random Sampling

38
Q

Define the Law of Large Numbers

A

The larger our sample, the more confidence we have that our results reflect the true state of the population

39
Q

Bayesian analysis

A

Estimates parameters of underlying distributions based on what is already known

40
Q

Process of gaining permission and providing explanation of risks, procedures…

A

INFORMAL CONCENT

41
Q

What does the central nervous system focus on

A

the brain and spinal cord

42
Q

What 2 parts is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

Somatic nervous system (musculatory sensation)
Autonomic nervous system (regulated by hypothalamus and brain stem)

43
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight” response
Prepared body for emergencies

44
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest”
Calms the body

45
Q

Where do dendrites originate?

A

at the soma

46
Q

What is the function of dendrites

A

receiving information

47
Q

What is the neural function of the soma

A

information is processed

48
Q

what is the neural function of the axon

A

transmits information

49
Q

The _________ is the microscopic gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrite of the next one

A

Synapse

50
Q

_____________ Flow into the synapse from the terminal buttons

A

neurotransmitters

51
Q

Details about Glial cells

A

“glue” cells
More plentiful than neurons
involved in recycling neurotransmitters

52
Q

a neuron at rest has a ___________ charge

A

slightly negative

53
Q

List and describe the action potential: excitatory message steps

A
  1. Neuron receives stimulation
  2. Sodium channel opens, sodium rushes in, so more positive charge
  3. When threshold voltage is reached, action potential occurs
54
Q

What are the excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)
Glutamate

55
Q

what are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid)
Serotonin

56
Q

What is the one modulating neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

57
Q

what is the function of acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Excitatory- muscles, CNA, memory (alzheimers)

58
Q

What is the function of Dopamine?

A

Modulating- smoothes out movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain (Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s)

59
Q

What is the function of serotonin?

A

Inhibitory- mood, arousal, alertness (depression)

60
Q

What is the function of GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid)

A

Inhibitory- CNS (Anxiety)

61
Q

What is the function of Glutamate

A

Excitatory, most prevalent in cortex (followed by GABA)

62
Q

Drugs that affect behavior and mental processes through alterations of conscious awareness are considered…

A

Psychoactive drugs

63
Q

What are the categories of psychoactive drugs

A

Depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens

64
Q

Division of the brain: inner to outer

A

hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain

65
Q

Divisions of the brain: front to back (cerebral cortex lobes)

A

Frontal: planning, decision making, memory, personality
Parietal: processing sensations of touch, temperature, pain
Temporal lobes: auditory processing, speech language, comprehension (left hemisphere)
Occipital lobes: vision

66
Q

divisions of the brain: left/right hemisphere functions

A

language vs. spatial

67
Q

communication system that uses the bloodstream rather than neurons

A

The endocrine system

68
Q

MRI vs. fMRI

A

MRI studies brain anatomy
fMRI studies brain function

69
Q

What is the BOLD signal

A

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signal

Psychology (6 decks)

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