Leap Notes- Human Development and Behavior Flashcards
Freud- Level of Consciousness
Conscious- mental activities of which we are fully aware
Preconscious- Feelings and thoughts that we are not currently aware of but can bring to awareness
Unconscious- Feelings, thoughts, and memories of which we are unaware.
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality. 3 Dimensions. Level of Consciousness, Structure of Personality, Psychosexual Stages of Child Development
Freud- Unconscious
Concept allowed Freud to explain many disorders that couldn’t be explained in other ways .
Ideas that create distress in an individual are pushed into unconscious (repression)
The presence of these ideas are evidenced in other ways( body problems or psychological symptoms.)
Treatment means bring the repressed material into consciousness, helping the patient become aware of symptoms
Methods: hypnosis( abandoned)
free association- express thoughts without editing. Therapist identifes underlying conflict themes
Dream Interpretation: believed dreams provided cues in symbolic form to the un conscious, therapist interprets the patients dream to uncover source of trouble.
Freud Structure of Personality- Instincts
Inborn factors that give force and direction to psychological activities. Two motivating instincts that compete for expression and dominance :
Life(eros)- Influence is seen in constructive, loving, and altruistic acts
Death (thanos)- influence is seen in destructive, hateful, and aggressive acts
Freud Structure of Personality
ID- present at birth. Unconscious and includes everything inherited including instincts.Operates on pleasure principle and instant gratification. Infants are in the id.
EGO- Develops from the id. Connected to psychosexual development of child. Ego seeks to gain gratification of needs in a social acceptable manner.Skills (perceiving, remembering, analyzing, and acting results from ego growth.
SUPEREGO-aries out of ego. Values from environment and what constitutes good/bad is the superego. Superego takes over parent position
Two parts to Superego. Conscience- should nots. Things that are punishable. Ego Ideal- The should. The positive moral teachings. Rewards include feelings of self- righteousness and pride. Punishment are feelings of guilt and shame.
Managing these determine an individuals behavior.
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Freud- Psychosexual Stages of Development-
pEach stage a different body part is the primary source of erotic pleasure. Stages may overlap. A child’s experience at each stage determine personality and future relationships. Pathology occurs when there is a failure to negotiate a stage.
Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development- Oral Stage
Birth- 1 year.
Breast or breast substitute is the initial object for cathexis.
Mouth is a source of pleasure. Also how infants navigate the world. Distinguish what is part of me and what is not me.
Substages-
Receptive-first months of life. Pleasure from oral activities, inadequate fulfillment of feeding and dependency can result in neurotic over dependence.
Biting stage-later part of first year. Coincides with teeth and hardening of gums. Biting and chewing are more satisfying than sucking and mouthing. Development of ambivalance
Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development- Anal Stage
2-3 years
Control over bowels/urinary function
anus and sphincter muscles are pleasure sources
Substages:
Expulsion: parents insistence that child control bowels. First encounter with barrier to needs fulfillment
Retention: child developed ability to retain feces/urine. Pleasure experienced in retention of valued object
Freud- Psychosexual Stages of Development- Phallic Stage
penis/clitoris source of pleasure.
Oedipus Complex- boys wants to posses mom
Electra Complex: girl wants to possess dad
resolution of complex- feelings are repressed and child identifies with same-sex parent.
superego develops here and child can parent self
Freud- Psychosexual Stages of Development- Latency Period
6-11 years
sexual feelings tend to be repressed. supergo maintains parental standards. masturbation ceases.
Freud -Psychosexual Stages of Development- Genital Stage
12-Adulthood
initiated by development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
foucs turns to members of the oppostie sex in normal development
intercourse with a member of the opposite sex becomes the primary erotic activity
Ana Freud
Child Psychoanalyst and theorist who is most known for identifying Defense Mechanisms. Freuds daugther
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms
unconscious strategies used by the ego to minimize distress caused by the conflicting demands of the id and superego. Immature ego is more likely to use these defense mechanisms which involve self and other deception.
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Repression
pushing anxiety producing thoughts and feeling out of conscious and into the unconscious
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Compensation
Seeking of success in one area of life as a substitute for success. in another area
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Conversion
anxiety is transformed into a physical dysfunction.
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Denial
refusal to acknowledge an aspect of reality, including one’s experience becacuse doing so would result in overwhelming anxiety
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Displacement
shifting negative feelings about a person or situation to another person or situation
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Identification
mechanism by which anxiety is handled through identifying with the producer of anxiety.
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Isolation of Affect
painful feelings are separated from the incident that triggered them
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Intellectualization
anxiety is handled through talking and thinking about issues rather than dealing with the feelings.
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Projection
one’s own negative characteristic are denied and seen as characteristics of someone else.
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms-Rationalization
Person substitutes a more socially acceptable reason for an action instead of the real reason.
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- REaction Formation
Adopting behavior that is the antithesis of the instinctual urge
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Regression
reverting to more primitive modes of coping associated with earlier and safer developmental periods.
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Sublimation
Intolerable drives or desires are diverted into activites which hare acceptable
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Substitution
A mechanism by which a person replaces an unacceptable goal with an acceptable one
Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Undoing
an individual engages in a repetitious ritual in an attempt to reverse an action previously taken
Erik Erikson
ego psychology. Built on Freud’s theory but emphasized the ability of the individual to solve problems and to effectively negotiate society.
Believed in the healthy personality, childhood involves development of ego identity, development occurs across lifespan
5 stages of childhood and 3 stages of adulthood During each stage individual is confronted with a different psychosocial crisis that must be worked through to obtain ego identity and healthy personality.
Erikson’s Stages: Stage 1Trust vs.Mistrust
(birth to 1 year).
Quality of the infant’s relationship with the mother or figure and need fulfillment determines the level of trust an individual develops in himself and others.
Erikson’s Stages: Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(2-3 years)
Children gain sense of power as independence increases. Parents need to provide a balanced environment and encourage autonomy based on the child’s development. Otherwise children may have a sense of shame and doubt.
Erikson’s Stages: Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6 years old. Child’s increased abilities is associated with an increased sense of competence. PArents need to be empathetic and provide growth opportunities or the child will develop a sense of guilt.
Erikson’s Stages: Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority
6-11 years old. Children need to be provided with tasks for a sense of achievement. They need adult assitance in completing these tasks.
Erikson’s Stages: Stage 5 Identity vs Identity Diffusion
12-18 years old. Focal conflict of adolescence. Development of a healthy indentity involves a synthesis of the individual’s earlier life experiences, a growing sense of purpose, and a sense that their style of dealing with reality is acceptable. Youth who are not able to successfully negotiate this stage lack strong sense of self
Erikson’s Stages: Intimacy vs Isolation Stage 6
early adulthood: 19-mid 20s. Crisis that moves adolescent to adulthood. Adolescent who is able to develop a sense of identity will form healthy relationship, one who doesnt will become self absorbed and isolated.
Erikson’s Stages: Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-Absorption Stage 7
Middle age: late 20s-50s. Individual who have achieved intimacy have the desire to have children and to prepare the next generation to take their place in the world.
Erikson’s Stages: Integrity vs. Despair Stage 8
old age: 60s and beyond. individual with healthy life will have a sense of ego intergrity and will not fear death. Individual who has serious concerns with his life will feel dispair and fear death because there is insufficient time to create a different life.
Piaget: Cognitive Development
Identified two ways human beings learned:
Assimilation: incorporation of one’s aspects of one’s environment into an existing thought structure
Accommodation: modifying current thought structure to incorporate a new perceived feature of the environment
Developed Four stage model for how children developed
Piaget-Stage 1 Sensorimotor
Birth- 2 years old. Six substages
- Impulsive and Reflex actions: actions taken for their own sake
- Primary Circular Actions: repetitive actions that are combined over time
- Practicing Secondary Circular or Repetitive Actions for their consequences
- Coordinates Secondary Schemes: experiments with goal directed behavior
- Tertiary Circular Actions/Continuation of Experimentation- reaction of dropping toys
- Invention through Mental Combination-object permanence
Piaget: Stage 2 : Pre operational
2-7 years old. A child thinks more about actions. Imagination develops and focus is on external characteristics of objects. Thought are ego centric.
Piaget: Stage 3: Concrete Operations
(7-11 years). Highest level of cognitive development a person obtains. Child i able to reason about concrete aspects of environment.
Piaget: Stage 4 Formal Operations
11-adulthood. The individual is able to reason about things in the abstract