Leap Notes- Human Development and Behavior

Question 0

Freud- Level of Consciousness

Answer 0

Conscious- mental activities of which we are fully aware
Preconscious- Feelings and thoughts that we are not currently aware of but can bring to awareness
Unconscious- Feelings, thoughts, and memories of which we are unaware.

Question 1

Sigmund Freud

Answer 1

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality. 3 Dimensions. Level of Consciousness, Structure of Personality, Psychosexual Stages of Child Development

Question 2

Freud- Unconscious

Answer 2

Concept allowed Freud to explain many disorders that couldn’t be explained in other ways .

Ideas that create distress in an individual are pushed into unconscious (repression)
The presence of these ideas are evidenced in other ways( body problems or psychological symptoms.)

Treatment means bring the repressed material into consciousness, helping the patient become aware of symptoms
Methods: hypnosis( abandoned)
free association- express thoughts without editing. Therapist identifes underlying conflict themes
Dream Interpretation: believed dreams provided cues in symbolic form to the un conscious, therapist interprets the patients dream to uncover source of trouble.

Question 3

Freud Structure of Personality- Instincts

Answer 3

Inborn factors that give force and direction to psychological activities. Two motivating instincts that compete for expression and dominance :
Life(eros)- Influence is seen in constructive, loving, and altruistic acts
Death (thanos)- influence is seen in destructive, hateful, and aggressive acts

Question 4

Freud Structure of Personality

Answer 4

ID- present at birth. Unconscious and includes everything inherited including instincts.Operates on pleasure principle and instant gratification. Infants are in the id.
EGO- Develops from the id. Connected to psychosexual development of child. Ego seeks to gain gratification of needs in a social acceptable manner.Skills (perceiving, remembering, analyzing, and acting results from ego growth.
SUPEREGO-aries out of ego. Values from environment and what constitutes good/bad is the superego. Superego takes over parent position

Two parts to Superego. Conscience- should nots. Things that are punishable. Ego Ideal- The should. The positive moral teachings. Rewards include feelings of self- righteousness and pride. Punishment are feelings of guilt and shame.
Managing these determine an individuals behavior.
.

Question 5

Freud- Psychosexual Stages of Development-

Answer 5

pEach stage a different body part is the primary source of erotic pleasure. Stages may overlap. A child’s experience at each stage determine personality and future relationships. Pathology occurs when there is a failure to negotiate a stage.

Question 6

Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development- Oral Stage

Answer 6

Birth- 1 year.
Breast or breast substitute is the initial object for cathexis.
Mouth is a source of pleasure. Also how infants navigate the world. Distinguish what is part of me and what is not me.

Substages-
Receptive-first months of life. Pleasure from oral activities, inadequate fulfillment of feeding and dependency can result in neurotic over dependence.
Biting stage-later part of first year. Coincides with teeth and hardening of gums. Biting and chewing are more satisfying than sucking and mouthing. Development of ambivalance

Question 7

Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development- Anal Stage

Answer 7

2-3 years
Control over bowels/urinary function
anus and sphincter muscles are pleasure sources
Substages:
Expulsion: parents insistence that child control bowels. First encounter with barrier to needs fulfillment
Retention: child developed ability to retain feces/urine. Pleasure experienced in retention of valued object

Question 8

Freud- Psychosexual Stages of Development- Phallic Stage

Answer 8

penis/clitoris source of pleasure.
Oedipus Complex- boys wants to posses mom
Electra Complex: girl wants to possess dad
resolution of complex- feelings are repressed and child identifies with same-sex parent.

superego develops here and child can parent self

Question 9

Freud- Psychosexual Stages of Development- Latency Period

Answer 9

6-11 years

sexual feelings tend to be repressed. supergo maintains parental standards. masturbation ceases.

Question 10

Freud -Psychosexual Stages of Development- Genital Stage

Answer 10

12-Adulthood
initiated by development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
foucs turns to members of the oppostie sex in normal development
intercourse with a member of the opposite sex becomes the primary erotic activity

Question 11

Ana Freud

Answer 11

Child Psychoanalyst and theorist who is most known for identifying Defense Mechanisms. Freuds daugther

Question 12

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms

Answer 12

unconscious strategies used by the ego to minimize distress caused by the conflicting demands of the id and superego. Immature ego is more likely to use these defense mechanisms which involve self and other deception.

Question 13

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Repression

Answer 13

pushing anxiety producing thoughts and feeling out of conscious and into the unconscious

Question 14

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Compensation

Answer 14

Seeking of success in one area of life as a substitute for success. in another area

Question 15

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Conversion

Answer 15

anxiety is transformed into a physical dysfunction.

Question 16

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Denial

Answer 16

refusal to acknowledge an aspect of reality, including one’s experience becacuse doing so would result in overwhelming anxiety

Question 17

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Displacement

Answer 17

shifting negative feelings about a person or situation to another person or situation

Question 18

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Identification

Answer 18

mechanism by which anxiety is handled through identifying with the producer of anxiety.

Question 19

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Isolation of Affect

Answer 19

painful feelings are separated from the incident that triggered them

Question 20

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Intellectualization

Answer 20

anxiety is handled through talking and thinking about issues rather than dealing with the feelings.

Question 21

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Projection

Answer 21

one’s own negative characteristic are denied and seen as characteristics of someone else.

Question 22

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms-Rationalization

Answer 22

Person substitutes a more socially acceptable reason for an action instead of the real reason.

Question 23

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- REaction Formation

Answer 23

Adopting behavior that is the antithesis of the instinctual urge

Question 24

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Regression

Answer 24

reverting to more primitive modes of coping associated with earlier and safer developmental periods.

Question 25

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Sublimation

Answer 25

Intolerable drives or desires are diverted into activites which hare acceptable

Question 26

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Substitution

Answer 26

A mechanism by which a person replaces an unacceptable goal with an acceptable one

Question 27

Ana Freud- Ego Defense Mechanisms- Undoing

Answer 27

an individual engages in a repetitious ritual in an attempt to reverse an action previously taken

Question 28

Erik Erikson

Answer 28

ego psychology. Built on Freud’s theory but emphasized the ability of the individual to solve problems and to effectively negotiate society.
Believed in the healthy personality, childhood involves development of ego identity, development occurs across lifespan

5 stages of childhood and 3 stages of adulthood During each stage individual is confronted with a different psychosocial crisis that must be worked through to obtain ego identity and healthy personality.

Question 29

Erikson’s Stages: Stage 1Trust vs.Mistrust

Answer 29

(birth to 1 year).
Quality of the infant’s relationship with the mother or figure and need fulfillment determines the level of trust an individual develops in himself and others.

Question 30

Erikson’s Stages: Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 30

(2-3 years)
Children gain sense of power as independence increases. Parents need to provide a balanced environment and encourage autonomy based on the child’s development. Otherwise children may have a sense of shame and doubt.

Question 31

Erikson’s Stages: Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 31

3-6 years old. Child’s increased abilities is associated with an increased sense of competence. PArents need to be empathetic and provide growth opportunities or the child will develop a sense of guilt.

Question 32

Erikson’s Stages: Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 32

6-11 years old. Children need to be provided with tasks for a sense of achievement. They need adult assitance in completing these tasks.

Question 33

Erikson’s Stages: Stage 5 Identity vs Identity Diffusion

Answer 33

12-18 years old. Focal conflict of adolescence. Development of a healthy indentity involves a synthesis of the individual’s earlier life experiences, a growing sense of purpose, and a sense that their style of dealing with reality is acceptable. Youth who are not able to successfully negotiate this stage lack strong sense of self

Question 34

Erikson’s Stages: Intimacy vs Isolation Stage 6

Answer 34

early adulthood: 19-mid 20s. Crisis that moves adolescent to adulthood. Adolescent who is able to develop a sense of identity will form healthy relationship, one who doesnt will become self absorbed and isolated.

Question 35

Erikson’s Stages: Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-Absorption Stage 7

Answer 35

Middle age: late 20s-50s. Individual who have achieved intimacy have the desire to have children and to prepare the next generation to take their place in the world.

Question 36

Erikson’s Stages: Integrity vs. Despair Stage 8

Answer 36

old age: 60s and beyond. individual with healthy life will have a sense of ego intergrity and will not fear death. Individual who has serious concerns with his life will feel dispair and fear death because there is insufficient time to create a different life.

Question 37

Piaget: Cognitive Development

Answer 37

Identified two ways human beings learned:
Assimilation: incorporation of one’s aspects of one’s environment into an existing thought structure
Accommodation: modifying current thought structure to incorporate a new perceived feature of the environment

Developed Four stage model for how children developed

Question 38

Piaget-Stage 1 Sensorimotor

Answer 38

Birth- 2 years old. Six substages

1. Impulsive and Reflex actions: actions taken for their own sake
2. Primary Circular Actions: repetitive actions that are combined over time
3. Practicing Secondary Circular or Repetitive Actions for their consequences
4. Coordinates Secondary Schemes: experiments with goal directed behavior
5. Tertiary Circular Actions/Continuation of Experimentation- reaction of dropping toys
6. Invention through Mental Combination-object permanence

Question 39

Piaget: Stage 2 : Pre operational

Answer 39

2-7 years old. A child thinks more about actions. Imagination develops and focus is on external characteristics of objects. Thought are ego centric.

Question 40

Piaget: Stage 3: Concrete Operations

Answer 40

(7-11 years). Highest level of cognitive development a person obtains. Child i able to reason about concrete aspects of environment.

Question 41

Piaget: Stage 4 Formal Operations

Answer 41

11-adulthood. The individual is able to reason about things in the abstract