Leading Q's + Post-Event discussion Flashcards

1
Q

Eyewitness testimony

A

the evidence supplied to a court by people who have seen a crime, based on their memory of the incident

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2
Q

leading questions

A
  • questions that are phrased in such a way as to encourage the witness to give a certain answer
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3
Q

two explanations for leading questions

A
  • response-bias explanation
  • substitution-bias explanation
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4
Q

response-bias explanation - leading questions

A

argues that leading q’s don’t affect memory, merely the answer a person chooses to give

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5
Q

substitution-bias explanation - leading questions

A

argues that leading q’s distort memories because they contain MISLEADING INFO

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6
Q

procedure - study on leading questions

A
  • Loftus and Palmer showed 45 american students a film of a car crash
  • asked them to estimate the speed that cars were travelling when they crashed
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7
Q

findings - study on leading questions

A

parts in the ‘contacted’ condition:
- estimated speed = 31mph
parts in the smashed’ condition:
- estimated speed = 41mph

  • week later parts were asked if they saw any broken glass (there wasn’t any)
    ‘contacted’ condition = 12%
    ‘smashed’ condition’ = 32%

= shows that leading q’s have a significant impact on what people recall + can change an entire memory of an event

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8
Q

ad of leading questions

A
  • study is a lab experiment = highly controlled
  • reduces chances of extraneous variables
    = increasing validity of the study
  • this makes it easier for psychs to replicate their research to see if it is reliable (similar/ same results are found)
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9
Q

disads of leading questions

A
  • ecological validity
  • population validity
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10
Q

ecological validity - disads of leading q’s

A
  • doesn’t have much ecological validity
  • parts watched a VIDEO of a car crash
  • people who witness a real car accident will have a stronger emotional connection to the event
    = may not be as susceptible to leading q’s
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11
Q

population validity - disads of leading q’s

A
  • study lacks population validity
  • study consisted of 45 American students
  • students are less experienced drivers
    = maybe less competent at estimating speeds
    = unable to generalise results of the study to other populations
  • older + more experienced drivers may be more accurate in their judgement of speeds
    = less susceptible to leading questions
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12
Q

Post-Event Discussion

A
  • the memory of an event can become contaminated through discussing events w/ others either due to:
    = misinformation (memory contamination)
    = desire for social approval can lead co-witnesses to reach a consensus view of what happened (memory conformity)
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13
Q

procedure - study on post-event discussion

A
  • psych put parts in pairs
  • got them to watch a different video of the same event = each got unique details
  • in one condition, pairs were encouraged to discuss the event before individually recalling
  • other condition, they didn’t discuss what they’d seen with each other
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14
Q

findings - study on post-event discussion

A
  • 71% of witnesses who’d discussed the event went onto mistakenly recall the details that they couldn’t have seen themselves
  • but learned during discussion w/ partner
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15
Q

ad of post-event discussion

A
  • study has population validity
  • two different populations, students + older adults were compared
    = no significant difference between the two groups
    = allows us to conclude that PED affects younger + older adults in a similar way
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16
Q

disad of post-event discussion

A
  • study lacks ecological validity
  • parts knew they were taking part in an experiment
    = far more likely to have paid close attention to the details of the video clip
    = results don’t reflect real life where witnesses may be exposed to less info