Leadership Flashcards
What is Plato’s view on Leadership?
strong connection between education & leadership
A leader has to be knowledgable, looks out for his people and needs a clear vision
humans are irrationally and need to be ruled and guided by wise leaders
What is Machiavelli’s view on Leadership?
A leader needs to be loved & feared (rather feared if it cannot be both) by the environment and needs the ability to make hard decisions
“The end justifies the means” –> it’s okay to steal and cheat, as long as the end goal is ethical
How do Carlyle and Brecht differ in their view on leadership?
Carlyle:
- “born as a leader”
- great leaders are responsible for historical successes
- there’s no in-between of a leader and a non-leader
Brecht:
- focus on team effort –> followers are responsible for historical successes
- some leadership qualities can be born, but others have to be learnt (e.g. behavioral leadership)
What does the post-heroic leadership approach tell us?
Leadership does not have to be through brave/impressive actions
- more attention for followers
- leadership should occur on every level of an organization
Which is the most powerful leadership style to boost
a) intrinsic motivation
b) extrinsic motivation
a) democratic (participative) best for intrinsic, bc boss is also interested in what you have to say
b) autocratic best for extrinsic motivation, bc you get treated well if you do what you’re supposed to do
Why is the travel industry very fragile?
Bc it is quite dependent on other industries and on environmental changes (e.g. natural/economic/political disasters)
What is the difference between a mood, a feeling, and an affect?
Mood –> shortest-lived
Feeling –> short-lived
Affect –> longer-lived
What are core differences between
a) linear-active
b) multi-active
c) reactive cultures
+ name examples
linear active –> rules, punctuality (e.g. Austria, Germany,…)
multi-active –> chaotic, do multiple things at once, quite extroverted (e.g. Spain, Italy,…)
reactive –> think first, quite introverted (e.g. Finland, Japan,…)
How does the “trait” approach on leadership differ from the “process” view?
Trait view:
- leaders are individuals with inborn characteristics/qualities that make them leaders (clear separation)
- fades out the social context
- investigates traits and compares them with leadership success
Process view:
- sees leadership more as social exchange between leader & follower, focus on common goal, leader and follower interact and are less separated
What does the behavioral approach in leadership stand for?
- focuses more on leadership styles (behavior) (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire) than traits
- focuses mainly on the leaders and their behaviors
- initiated by Kurt Lewin
What does the contingency approach in leadership stand for?
- situational factors of leadership behavior are considered (leadership style must fit the situation, there is no “one best way”)
- 5 factors/variables are considered:
(1) Leader’s characteristics (leadership style, motivation,…)
(2) Followers’ characteristics (needs, commitment,…)
(3) Leader-Follower relationship
(4) Task characteristics
(5) Organizational characteristics - developed by Fiedler
- people can learn to become good leaders
What does the “new leadership/interactional” approach in leadership stand for?
- focuses more on the relation between leader and followers
- examines how this relationship influences productivity & job satisfaction
What is the LMX theory and what does it tell us?
= leader-member exchange
–> describes how leaders develop trustful exchange relationships with followers
What does the “transactional” leadership approach look like?
- similar to LMX theory, main task of leader is to set appropriate goals, while followers are ready to perform what is expected
- aims to gain influence in the mindset and the attitudes of the followers –> leader tries to enhance intrinsic job motivation of followers –> inspire to follow, motivate to commit to vision, encourage innovation & creativity, coaches to specific needs of followers
- suffers a lot from heroic leadership bias, similar to charismatic leadership
What does “shared” leadership stand for?
ongoing, mutual influence process within a team through official or unofficial leaders
–> team members both lead and follow one another
What does the psychoanalytic approach to leadership look like?
occurs if the members of a group replace their ego ideal with the leader –> group members strongly identify with the leader –> emotionally bound like a herd (theory by Freud)
What is the glass ceiling effect and what barriers does it have to deal with?
= invisible barriers that prevent women/minorities from reaching top positions
- societal barriers
- family demands
- role expectations
- gender stereotypes
–> diversity management can be a tool to combat the glass ceiling effect
What are 3 essential components of leadership?
- Leadership is a process
- involves influence of leader to the followers
- related to groups
- attention to goals
What is the difference between “assigned” and “emergent” leadership?
Assigned –> based on occupying a position in an organization (team leader, plant manager, etc)
Emergent –> leadership arises when a person in a group influences and guides other members, regardless of their position
What is the definition of power?
Power is the potential to influence other’s beliefs, emotions, attitudes, actions,…
What are the 5 bases (types) of power?
- Legitimate power (position)
–> based on formal position (like assigned leadership), lead to compliance - Reward power (position)
–> having access to reward for others - Coercive power (position)
–> having the capacity to penalize or punish others, can lead to resistance - Expert power (personal)
–> based on the followers’ perception of the leader’s competence - Referent power (personal)
–> based on followers’ identification and liking for the leader, leads to commitment
What is a key difference between leadership and management?
For one, leadership is basically part of management, as it is one of the 4 management functions (planning, organizing, leading, controlling)
While management produces order and consistency, leadership rather produces change and movement (establishes direction, aligns people, motivates and inspires)
